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A CATALOGUE

OF

THE CYPRUS MUSEUM

HENRY FROWDE, M. A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK

A CATALOGUE

OF THE

CYPRUS MUSEUM

WITH A

CHRONICLE OF EXCAVATIONS UNDERTAKEN SINCE THE BRITISH OCCUPATION

AND

INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON CYPRIOTE ARCHAEOLOGY

BY

JOHN L. MYRES, M.A., F.S.A., RR.G.S.

STUDENT AND TUTOR OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD J

FORMERLY FELLOW OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE,

CRAVEN FELLOW AND BURDETT-COUTTS SCHOLAR.

AND

MAX OHNEFALSCH-RICHTER, Ph.D.

MEMBER OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETIES OF BERLIN

WITH EIGHT PLATES

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

T899

PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

BY HORACE HART, M.A. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

M GETTY C£NI£ft

I IQD.4DV

PREFACE

This Catalogue is the outcome of a suggestion made by His Excellency the High Commissioner for Cyprus to the Colonial Office in October, 1893, that advantage should be taken of the operations of the British Museum at Amathus, to secure a report on the condition of the Government Collection of Antiquities^ The invitation was repeated by the Chief Secretary to Mr. Myres, a member of the British School of Archaeology in Athens, who was for a while in charge of the excavations at Amathus, and in the course of the summer of 18^ the whole Collection was cleaned, arranged, and catalogued.

Dr. Max Ohnefalsch-Richter offered Mr. Myres his assistance at an early stage in the work, and revised some part of the Catalogue after Mr. Myres had left Cyprus.

The long delay in the appearance of the work is due to a variety of causes, and not least to the difficulty of arranging for its publication and for the completion of the Plates at a distance from Cyprus.

The compilers wish here to express their appreciation of the manner in which the Clarendon Press undertook the publication of the book, and to acknowledge their obligations, for help of many kinds, to English residents in Cyprus ; to Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie, Professor E. A. Gardner, Mr. A. H. Smith, and Mr. D. G. Hogarth, for suggestions and corrections in detail ; to Dr. A. S. Murray, for permission to report the acquisitions from the excavations of the British Museum at Kurion, 1895, and Sala^nis, 1896 ; and to Mr. H. B. Walters, who has kindly revised the whole of the proofs, and contributed the account of the excavations at Kurion and Maroni.

The Government Collection of Antiquities has come into existence in virtue of the Ottoman Law of 1874, which still

VI PREFACE.

prevails in Cyprus ; and by which the^ Government acquires a third part of the finds in any excavations which are permitted. Needless to say, the surreptitious excavations which are per- sistently carried on by all classes in Cyprus pay no such tribute, except in the rare cases when antiquities are confiscated. A small collection of such antiquities lies in the Castle at Kcrynia : this might with advantage have been brought to Nicosia. Both at Kiiklia (Paphos) and at Salamis small collections are preserved of inscriptions and other objects found in excavations, but not worth moving.

The British Government of Cyprus has hitherto spent nothing in maintaining, or even in properly storing the Collections for which it is responsible. Many of them lay for years in the out- houses of the Commissioner's Office in Nicosia, exposed to all kinds of ill usage. The unique colossal statue of terracotta, CM. 6016, and the fine engraved silver bowl, C. M. 4881, were found here in 1894 irreparably damaged, and a number of other objects have not reappeared at all. The statues from Voni, also, long stood in the open corridor of the Government Offices, and suffered serious damage. The Government share of the results from Kurion, 1895, is still lying in cases at Nicosia.

The Museum, in which the Government Collections are now mainly housed, was established in 1883, and is maintained wholly by private subscriptions. It is managed by a Committee, which occasionally meets. Excavations were conducted on its behalf on a number of sites in 1883-5, by O-R., who held the post of Consulting Archaeologist under the Committee and of Super-" intendent of Excavations for the Government and the Museum ; and excavated also for individuals. Subscriptions, however, soon fell off, and in 1 894 the funds of the Museum were almost exhausted ^.

Labels and fragmentary lists testify that attempts have been made from time to time to rearrange the Collections. The most important of these was somewhere about 1890; the MS. Catalogue is in the handwriting of Mr. Joly, who was for a while Secretary of the Museum Committee. Irreparable damage was done when part of the Collection was sent, along with Col. Warren's exhibit, to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1887 ; and, again, some time between 1889 and 1894, by the dispersal of the

* For a fuller account of the early days of the Museum, v. S. Reinach, Chroniques d' Orient, p. i;i ff., 199 ff.

PREFACE. Vii

Tomb Groups excavated for Dr. Dlimmler in 1885, and by a ' sale of duplicates ' by which a number of specimens of scientific value passed into private possession.

Even in the Museum, the condition of the Collection was in 1894 deplorable. The large sculptures, inscriptions, and archi- tectural fragments lay indiscriminately in the courtyard, some exposed to the weather, and all to" frequent injury ; a large number of Attic vases was discovered, after the Catalogue was already written out, in the wardrobe of the caretaker's wife ; and other collections continually came to light, as it became possible to empty and search one outhouse after another. Hence the too frequent irregularities of numbering and arrangement.

The Government inspection of excavations is in many cases conducted by untrained persons, whose inventories^ even when they are intelligible at all, are valueless for the identification of the objects which are described. Consequently a large part of the Government Collection has lost almost all scientific value.. It would be well if future excavators were obliged to deposit a copy of their otvn inventory of the share which they leave behind.

In this Catalogue all the available documents have been utilized, and arrears are entirely cleared off down to 1894. The excavations of 1894, at Amathus and Kition ; of 1895, at Kurion ; and of 1896, at Salamis, are dealt with in reports of the kind above suggested, and an arrangement has been made with the Museum Committee for the publication of such reports in Appendices from time to time. In these, the objects should be kept as far as possible in their original Tomb Groups, with cross-references to the Type Collections.

For the present arrangement both compilers are jointly responsible : O-R. undertook the Graeco-Phoenician Pottery, I the majority of the Special Collections of Sculpture, and the whole of the measurements ; J. L. M. the Bronze Age Collection, the Hellenic Vases, the Glass, Terracottas, Bronzes, and Jewellery, the Collections from Amathus and Kition, and the drafting of ' all the description ; but every part, except the measurements, has been revised by both, and the Introduction in particular limits itself to statements on which both are agreed. The reports of the excavations of 1895 and 1896 were contributed afterwards by the representatives of the British Museum who directed them. J. L. M. is solely responsible for the Indices and the Plates ; for a description of the Coins which will appear

viii PREFACE.

separately hereafter : and for any slips which may have escaped notice in passing the whole work through the press.

This Catalogue attempts to serve three purposes, which are perhaps really incompatible. In the first place, it is, as already stated, a report to the Government of Cyprus on the condition of a part of its own property, which had been allowed to fall into disorder. Accordingly, it deals primarily with the few objects which are in the Cyprus Museum, not with the countless treasures which are better cared for elsewhere. The Introduction is meant only to provide the briefest outline of Cypriote civiliza- tion, which would serve to check an estimate of the value and importance of the Collection, and to exhibit it in an intelligible light.

Secondly, it is intended to summarize, for the benefit of archaeologists in general, the result of the excavations which have been made since the British Occupation^ and the conclu- sions which may be drawn with some probability therefrom. The compilers have been careful to acknowledge their obliga- tions to the original reports, and in particular to the Chroiiiqiies d'Orient of M. Salomon Reinach, which are the sole published records of many minor excavations and are largely based on information furnished by O-R. at the time. But they wish to make it clear that nothing has been admitted which does not rest either upon the first-hand knowledge of one or other of them, or on independent consultation of the original excavators or their reports. Probably there is not an original idea in the book, unless it be original to verify statements before republishing / them. The British Occupation of Cyprus in 1878 marks the close of what may be called the mythical age of Cypriote archaeology, and has accordingly been taken as a convenient starting-point ; but trustworthy data of earlier researches have been taken into account.

Lastly, the Catalogue is intended to supply the wayfaring man, though ' personally conducted,' with a simple clue, in plain English, to the mazes of Cypriote archaeology and of the Cyprus Museum. Technical language has been avoided as far as possible, and has been explained, perhaps over- explicitly, where it was unavoidable. The initiated will pardon, in the interest of the majority, such paragraphs as those on Mykenaean or Attic vases. They only claim not to be misleading.

The Plates at the end of the Catalogue are as complete as the

PREFACE. IX

circumstances permitted : but should be supplemented by those of Dr. Ohnefalsch-Richter's Kypj'os, ike Bible, and Homer (1893), and Tamassos tnid Idalion (forthcoming), and of the other monographs, to which references are given throughout the book and in Index V.

References have also been given to the Cypriote Collections of the principal European Museums : German by 0-R ; English, French, Austrian, &c. by J. L. M. It has unfortunately not been possible to refer to the Museums either of Constantinople or of America : and the delay in the publication of the book is largely due to the desire to profit by recent re-numberings in the Louvre, the British Museum, and the Ashmolean.

A series of photographs representative of the whole Collection was planned, and has been partly carried out by O-R. and Mrs. Ohnefalsch-Richter : the negatives are now the property of the Hellenic Society, 22 Albemarle Street, London, W., where prints can be consulted, or made to order. It is hoped that it may eventually be possible to complete the series, and so to render the Cyprus Museum fully accessible to students else- where.

CORRIGENDA.

p. 12, 1. \o,for * 13 Aug., 1896' read '12, July, 1896.'

p. 28, 1. 12, omit *xvii.'

p. 34, 1. 6 top,/?r * J. Pierides' ' read ' G. D. Pierides'.'

p. 42, No. 51, read 'same shape as 57, only without spout or ornament.'

p. 44, No. 182, after ' Diimmler, I.e.,' read'i. i.'

p. 45, No. 2\(j,for ' Diimmler, I.e. iii. I,' read ' i. 7.'

p. 47, No. 1033, for ' Oenochoae ' read ' Oenochoe.'

p. 51, No. 464, for 'Heuzey, pi. iv. 6,' read 'iv. 5.'

No. 466, far ' Heuzey, pi. ii. 6,' read 'iv. 6.' p. 65, No. g4i, for 'no handle' read ' one handle.' p. 76, No. 1176,/or 'Ashm. 165' read' 2)^S'

bottom Wne, for ' 165 ' read ' 565.' p. 77, No. 1183,/or ' Double handles ' read ' Single handles.' p. 92, No. 2053 belongs more probably to a class of early Hellenic vases,

apparently Rhodian. p. 134, 1. 8 bottom, /tfr ' KBH. Ixx. 4 ' read ' KBH. fig. 35.' p. 170, No. 6119,/tfr '2112' read '6122.' p. 173, 1. 9 bottom, /(?r '3934' read ' ^^24:

	I'oUery Tjpe Collection	Salamis	Attic Vases
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Alabaster. Lamps. Stamps	Tomb Groups

JEWELLERY ROOM. VONI. TAMASSOS, &C.

IDALION.

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ENTRANCE

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CONTENTS

PAGE

Chronicle of Excavations since the British Occupation 1-12

Introduction :— 13-35

Early Man in Cyprus 13

The Stone Age 13

The Bronze Age 14

The Graeco-Phoenician Age 21

The Hellenistic Age 26

Cypriote Sculpture and Modelling 27

Principal Types and Motives of Sculpture and Modelling . 31

Gem Engraving 32

Jewellery 33

The Bronze Age: — 36-58

Pottery : Description of Fabrics 36

1-450. Pottery, Catalogue of 41

460 ff. Figurines 51

470 ff. Stone Implements 52

501 fF. Bronze Implements 53

630 ff. Porcelain, &c 55

651 ff. Spindlewhorls (of all periods) 55

Tomb Groups 57

The Graeco-Phoenician Age : General Catalogue of

Pottery: — 59-91

Description of Fabrics 59

901 ff. Catalogue of Typical Forms 63

ISOlff. Lamps 80

1501fF. Imported Hellenic Vases 81

1901ff. Graffiti 90

2001 ff. Wine Amphorae ....... 91

The Hellenistic Age: — 92-98

2051 ff. General Catalogue of Pottery 92

2201 ff. Stamps on Handles of Amphorae .... 95

General Catalogue of —

Alabaster, 2401 ff. 99

Glass, 2501 ff. 100

Terracottas, 3001 ff. 107

Bronzes, 3501 ff. 115

Jewellery, Gems, AND Ornaments, 4000 ff. . . . 121-140

4000 ff Earrings 121

4141ff. Rings 127

4250 ff. Bracelets 130

4301 ff. Frontlets 130

4351 ff. Necklaces, &c 131

Xll

CONTENTS.

4501 ff. Cylinders, Seals, and Gems 4701 ff. Porcelain Ornaments 4801 fiF. Household and Toilet Articles 4871 ff. Silver Vessels . 4891 ff. Byzantine Jewellery ,

Special Collections from Various Sites :—

I. Voni, 5001 ff. II. Khytroi, 5201 ff. .

III. Soloi, 5401 ff.

IV. Kition, 5501 ff. . V. Idalion, 5601 ff.. 6300 ff.

VI. Salamis, 5801 ff. .

VII, Amargetti, 5901 ff.

VIII. Amathus, 5951 ff. .

IX. Limniti, 5981 ff. .

X. Vitsada, 5991 ff. .

XI. Tamassos, eOOOff.

XII. Katydata, Poll, &c., 6201 ff.

Tomb Groups : Graeco-Phoenician and Hellenistic Marion-Arsinoe (Watkins and Williamson), i886 Paphos (C.E.F), i888 . Salamis (Cypr. Mus.), l88i . Limassol (Government), 1883 Amathus (Brit. Mus.), 1893-4 Kition (C.E.F.), 1894 • Kurion (Brit. Mus.), 1895 Salamis (Brit. Mus,), 1896 Maroni (Brit. Mus.), 1897

Table of Abbreviations

Indices

I. Names, Places, Objects, and Styles II. Diagrams inserted in the Text

III. Tomb Groups from the Larger Excavations

IV. References to Cypriote Antiquities in Other Museums V. References to the Principal Publications of Cypriote

Antiquities . . • • •

VI. Mutilated Names occurring in Inscriptions VII. Old Numbers found affixed to Objects in the Cyprus Museum in 1894 ; together with the Numbers under which the same Objects stand in this Catalogue

. 134 137 138

139 140

141-172

141 149 152

153 157 161 162 164 165 166

167 171

173-186

173 174 175 175 175 178 180

183

187

188

189-224 189

2IO 211 216

220 223

:24

Plates.

N.B.

The Reference Numbers are those under which the Objects stand in this Catalogue.

CHRONICLE OF EXCAVATIONS

UNDERTAKEN IN CYPRUS SINCE THE BRITISH OCCUPATION.

The ancient names are given in capitals, where they are known : in other cases the site is described under the name of the nearest modem village.

Akhna (between Larnaka and Famagusta).

A sanctuary attributed to Artemis was excavated by 0-R. for Sir Charles Newton in 1882. Over a thousand figures were found, in stone and terra- cotta; ranging from colossal statues 3'6 m. high, to very small statuettes. With the exception of one fragment of a priest of Apollo, all were female. The style varies considerably, but even the most purely Greek examples do not seem to be later than the third century b. c. Many terracotta and even stone figures were fully coloured (v. KBH. Ixviii. 4-15, chromo- photogravure). The best of these figures are in the British Museum. Cypr. Mus. 3001, 3015-7,3127, 3073> 3085-7, 3091-5, 3101-3,3113-9 (presented by Mr. C. D. Cobham, 1894) are from this site (No. i, KBH. p. i).

Five other sanctuaries discovered at the same time yielded similar votive statuettes : the archaic figure (KBH. ccxii. 6-7) is from one of these (No. 10 in the list of sanctuaries, KBH. p. 10).

A Graeco-Phoenician necropolis was also explored close to Akhna, on the south side.

[' Graphic,' July 19, 1884 ; Brit. Mus. MS. Rep.; Cypr. Mus. MS. Rep. i; S. Reinach, Chroniques d'Orient (republished, 1891), p. 187 ; KBH. iv, xi, xii, xvii. 6, xxxviii. 15, Ixviii. 4-15, Ixxvi. 1-2, cxxxv. 5, ccvi. 6, ccix-ccxii, ccxiv. 6, 7.]

The sanctuary at Pharangas, worked by Gen. L. P. di Cesnola, lies some miles north-east of Akhna (No. 14, KBH. p. 12).

Agia Paraskevi (one mile south-west of Nicosia).

The very large Bronze Age necropolis has been repeatedly explored. 0-R. in 1884-5 opened eleven tombs for the Cyprus Museum, and eighty-one for various residents : J. L. M. opened fourteen for the Cyprus Exploration Fund in 1894. The Bronze Age collection (Cypr. Mus. 1-899) is mostly from this site.

[MS. Rep. 2 ; Chroniques, pp. 189 flf.; F. Dummler (who watched the excavations of 1885), Mitth. Ath. vi (1886); Zeitschr. f. Keilinschr. ii. (1885) 191-3 (Bezold, Babylonian Cylinder, Cypr. Mus. 4501); J. H. S. xvii. pp. 134-8 (J. L. M.); KBH. clxvii- clxxiii ; and Geogr. Index, s.v. ; ' Tamassos und Idalion' (forthcoming: s.v. ' Ochsenkrater Grabe').]

B

if

2 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

Ag. Iannis it's MaUiintas (Nicosia District).

Early Hellenistic necropolis^discovered and ravaged by peasants in 1883. 0-R. excavated three more tombs for Cyprus Museum in 1883. Some of the earliest graves contained Graeco- Phoenician pottery with concentric circles, &c. Much jewellery, especially gold frontlets (cf. C. M. 4319- 21; KBH. cxliv. 11) and animal-head earrings (cf. C. M. 4015-33; KBH. clxxxii. 8, 9, ccxvii. 13-17). Unfortunately the specimens from INIallunta in the Cyprus Museum have lost their original labels, and cannot be distinguished from similar ones from Soli, &c.

The most remarkable of the rock tombs have been made permanently accessible.

[Chroniques, p. 189.]

Ag. Sozomcnos (four miles north-east of Dali) and Nikolides (four miles

north of Dali).

Late Bronze Age necropolis with native and Mykenaean vases, half a mile north of Sozomenos village ; v. Tomb Group, p. 58.

Another late Bronze Age setdement and necropolis, with all types of native pottery and Mykenaean vases at Nikolides; v. Tomb Groups, p. 58. Cf. Tomb Group from Laksha hi Riu, p. 58. Nikolides may be the Ag. Alkolaos of Ceccaldi. ' Mon. Ant. de Chypre/ p. 269 ff.

Both sites were excavated in 1894 by 0-R. for the Prussian Secretary of State for Public Instruction (Berlin Museum). [v. forthcoming ' Tamassos und Idalion.']

Aldmhra (two miles south-west of Dali).

Two Bronze Age necropoleis. That called Mavra Gb ('black soil'), on the border of the dark-soiled plutonic rock-area, contains only red polished vessels without paint: at Aspra Gb ('white soil'), on the lime- stone slopes nearer the village, painted vases occur with the red polished ware. The Bronze Age settlement lies on the ridge of the hill.

0-R. opened about a dozen tombs in the two necropoleis for Sir Charles Newton in 1883 (results in British Museum) ; and one in each with Dr. Diimmler in 1885 (contents in Cyi)rus Aluseum ; formerly distinct, since mixed, beyond recovery, with the other collections).

[Dummler, Mitth. Ath. vi. (1886); Chroniques, p. 198; Brit. Mus. MS. Rep.; Much. Kupferzeit'^. p. 137 ff.]

Aviarge'tii (Papho District).

West of the village is a small sanctuary, with coarse stone statuettes and terracottas : men, doves, grapes, cones, and phalli : style rude and debased : late Greek dedications ^Oiraovi Mt'Kavdlu) ; in one case 'AttoXww M(\av0La>. Excavated 1888 by Mr. D. G. Hogarth for Cypr. Expl. Fund. C. M. 5901-27.

[J. H. S. ix. (1888), pp. 171-174 ; Inscriptions, pp. 260-263. Cf.

p. 116, two inscriptions said by L. P.di Cesnola to be from this site.]

AINIATHUS {Pa/aid Limessb, six miles east of Limassol).

The site of the city is clearly marked, and remains of town-wall, house-foundations, and harbour-works are traceable. On the acropolis are the fragments of a stone bowl, the fellow to which is in the Louvre (KBH. cxxxiv. 3, 5.) The necropolis is extensive, but some parts

CHRONICLE OF EXCAVATIONS. 3

have been ransacked. L. P. di Cesnola dug inland of the town : so far as his statements can be checked, they are inaccurate and misleading. 0-R. opened four undisturbed Graeco-Phoenician tombs in 1885, and found an early altar with votive terracottas in the necropolis, and a small sanctuary with statuettes and terracottas a little N.E. of the town, not yet excavated. Hence the terracotta model of a shrine, now in Philadelphia Museum; KBH. cxcix. 1-2, and a terracotta figure like KBH. ccvi. 5 (Kurion). More than 300 tombs were opened by contract for the British Museum (Turner Bequest) in 1893-4. Mr. A. H. Smith was present, for the Museum, during a part of the work; J. L. M. independently, for the British School of Archaeology in Athens, during the remainder. Hence all the specimens assigned to Amathus in the Cyprus Museum.

[Cypr. Mus. MS. Rep. 4. pp. 15-21 (0-R.) ; KBH. p. 466, clxxv.

1-2 (plans of tombs), cxcix. 1-2; Brit. Mus. Rep. (forthcoming).

Cf. 'Times,' Dec. 29, 1894, and Tomb Groups, below, pp. 175-7.]

Arsinoe (v. Marion). Epishopiiy. Kurion).

Dali (v. Idalion). Frdiigissa (v. Tamassos).

Enko77n (v. Salamis). Goshi (v. Kosci).

Gastria (on the coast near Trikomo. Famagusta District).

Early Graeco-Phoenician necropolis, excavated by Mr. G. Hake for the South Kensington Museum in 1882.

[Chroniques, 199; S. Kens. MS. Report gives no inventory of Tomb Groups: no published account: cf S. Kens. Mus. 2031/83.]

IDALION {Ball).

About half a mile south of Dali village the path to the Paradfsi valley passes between conspicuous limestone hills, between and on the north slopes of which lay Idalion. That on the east^ is crowned by the principal sanctuary of Aphrodite (No. 29, KBH. p. 16): the city wall can be traced up the spur nearest to the path : the sanctuary of Apollo, exca- vated by Mr. Lang, is close to the path in the valley between the two acropoleis (No. 30, KBH. p. 16). The sharply pointed hill on the west, called Ambelliri, was within the city wall, which appears again norih-west of it (KBH. iii. 5), and has a sanctuary of Athene (No. 28, KBH. p. 16) and other signs of occupation : here were found the silver paterae now in the Louvre, and the inscribed bronze tablet of the Due de Luynes. Further west, outside the town, on the north slope of the same high ground, is a sanctuary of Aphrodite Kourotrophos, found ransacked in 1883, with many stone statuettes on the surface ; nursing-mothers, temple-boys, flower-holders, &c. (No. 33, KBH. p. 17).

The necropolis lies in the low ground towards the modern village (KBH. iii. 10); it contains all periods, from late (Mykenaean) Bronze Age downwards : there are also tombs south of the site, in the Paradfsi valley. Excavated in 1883 by 0-R. for Sir Charles Newton (British Museum): 1885 for Dr. Diimmler (Cyprus Museum; since dispersed): 1894-5 for Prussian Secretary of State for Public Instruction (Berlin Museum). Late Bronze Age necropolis also (KBH. ii. 29) at Nikolides, q.v.

Another sanctuary of Aphrodite, close to the west end of Dali village, was excavated in 1885 by 0-R. for Mr. C. Watkins. The ground-plan,

1 Called Muti tu Arvili (Gavrili, ' Gabriel '). Cesnola wrongly calls both hills Ambelliri. [O-R.]

B 2

4 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

and many votive statues and statuettes were found ; mostly of early date (Berlin Museum, and Cypr. ]\Ius. 5601 ff., q. v.). Plan and finds present close analogies with those of the sanctuary under the eastern acropolis, excavated by Mr. Lang (KBH. x. a, pp. 345-6). This is No. 3, KBH. p. 5. The principal sanctuary of Aphrodite, on the eastern acropolis, was iden- tified in 1887, and excavated in 1888 and 1894 by 0-R. for the German Government. The shrine was found to have been fortified, probably early in the Ptolemaic Age ; and most of the carved work and statuary of earlier date was found built into the fortress wall (Cypr. Mus. 6301-15). The Phoenician inscription (Cypr. Mus. 6300) was found in 1887 in the wall of the church of St. George, nearly on the north-east city wall ; and presented by the High Commissioner.

[H. Lang, Trans. Roy. Soc. Literature, second sen xi. pp. 30-79 (ground -plan, six plates, and illustrations); Colonna Ceccaldi, ' Mon. Ant, de Chypre,' &c. (1882), pp. 29-31 (ground-plan and summary of discoveries) ; KBH. ii-iii (plans), vii (Mr. Watkins' excavation), xiii, xvi, xvii. 4; xlviii. 3, 4; xlix-lvii (finds): of. Geogr. Index, s. v.; Excav. 1894, 'Times,' Nov. 7, 'Daily Graphic,' Dec. 28; forthcoming * Tamassos und Idalion.']

Kalopsida (Famagusta District).

Bronze Age setdement, with pot-factory and necropolis of two periods, along the high road between Kalopsfda and Kuklia : notable for the local types of red-ware, and peculiar varieties of painted and other pottery. Excavated in 1894 by J. L. M. for Cypr. Expl. Fund. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and Cyprus Museum (v. below, C. ]\L 1-899, Tomb Groups, p. 57).

[Full report in J. H. S. xvii. pp. 138-147.]

Katydata and Linu : Valley of Soliais (SoLoi).

Bronze Age necropolis east of the villages of Kat/data and Linu, with very late transiuonal tombs towards Graeco-Phoenician : used again in Hellenistic and Roman times, ' Samian ' wares being particularly common. Excavated by 0-R. in 1883 for Cyprus INIuseum, and 1885 on his own account (Berlin Museum). ' --- —- -

[KBH. clxxii. 16-18 (three Tomb Groups); 'Owl,' Nos. 9, 10, (skulls).]

Extensive wholly Hellenistic necropolis, between Katydata, Linu, and the monastery of Panagia Skourgiotissa ; containing tombs of two classes : (a) Hellenistic (Ptolemaic) tombs with late pottery but no glass ; (3) tombs containing much glass, which go on into late Roman times. Another necropolis, entirely of glass-tombs, lies south of Linu. Hence a re- markable glass tumbler' modelled with four sprays of leaves and fruit, in Sir Robert Bidduiph's collection, deposited in South Kensington Museum(cf. 0-R. 's water-colour in Cyprus INIuseum, and Cambridge, Fitzw, Mus. No. 9 9 (^9(?/w'), apparently from the same mould). The glass from these sites is of quite unusual beauty and variety ; especially needle-like toilet pencils and finger rings, of variegated glass, e.g. Cypr, Mus. 2770, 2800, 2808, 2810, 2843, 2896-2901, and KBH. Ixv,

The Panagia Skourgiotissa, ' Madonna of the Slag-heaps,' derives her epithet from the refuse heaps (crKoupytnU, scoriae) of copper-mines still visible in the neighbourhood, although deserted since Roman times.

A sanctuary of a female deity, perhaps Aphrodite, was excavated in

CHRONICLE OF EXCAVATIONS. 5

1883 by 0-R. for Cyprus Museum (No. 53, KBH. p. 20). The most characteristic offerings were ' ring-dances ' and flute-players. N. B, An early silver plate with floral ornament, and a fragmentary bronze plaque embossed with a Gigantomachia (?), were also found : the latter is in the Cyprus Museum (No. 3870) : cf. C. M. 5401 ff.

The site of Soloi, four miles down the valley of Soliais, is clearly defined, but has not been explored. 0-R. opened tombs in the necropolis in 1883. [Chroniques, p. 186.]

KERYNIA {Ker:fnia).

Hellenistic necropoHs round modern town ; much plundered ; a few confiscated vases, &c. are shown in the castle of Ker/nia. Excavations by Capt. Stevenson in 1883.

A find of Byzantine jewellery was made in 1883 close to the high road to Nicosia, about a mile from Ker^^nia. Further excavations by 0-R. on the spot were fruitless.

[Cypr, Mus., Nos. 4891-7, published by J. L. M., ' Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist,' March, 1898.]

KHYTROI {Kyihrea, Nicosia District).

Late Bronze Age necropolis at Kephalovrj^si springs, with Mykenaean vases and cylinders.

[KBH. p. 61, figs, eg, 70.] The ancient site of Khytroi is at Ag. Demetrianos, half a mile west by south-west of Kythr^a, half a mile north of Voni ; prominent acropolis, and extensive lower town.

Sanctuary of Aphrodite Paphia (No. 23, KBH. p. 13), on the hill west of the site, identified by two Cypriote inscriptions (Cypr. ]\Ius. 5390-1); numerous votive offerings (C. M. 5201 ff., q. v.).

Sanctuary, similar, but without inscriptions, lying at the south-east corner of the town (No. 24, KBH. p. 14).

Sanctuary of Apollo near Vom, i| m. south of the site, with many statues and statuettes (No. 2, KBH. p. 2 ; C. M. 5001 ff., q. v.).

East of Voni are late Roman and Byzantine tombs : no Graeco- Phoenician pottery. N.B. a Christian bronze cross (C. M. 4435).

The three sanctuaries and the tombs were excavated in 1883 by 0-R. for the Cyprus Museum.

[Cypr. Mus. MS. Rep.; Chroniques, p. 186; Mitth. Ath. ix. 127 fiF., 139 ff., PI. iv, v; KBH. xl, xH, ccxv. Inscriptions: D. Pierides, 'The Cyprus Museum,' 1883; R. Meister, Die Gr. Dialekte, ii. pp. 168-9, ^^o. 14 a-14 c. Cf Collitz. (Deecke) Gr. Dialekt Inschr. (Kypr.) No. 2-10 {Khytroi).

KITION {Larnahd).

In 1879 the Government filled up the marshy hollow of the ancient harbour with the soil of the neighbouring acropolis (Bambiila): a small sanctuary, with terracotta and stone figures and two Phoenician inscrip- tions, was found in the hill, together with a number of foundations.

[KBH. cci, cf. p. 479 (plan drawn up by 0-R. for the Govern- ment), cxcvii (early Ionic capital, Cypr. Mus. 5599); Ausland, 1879, p. 970 ff. ; Corpus Inscr. Semit. i. 86, A and B.] A marble Artemis (Hellenistic study of a Praxitelean original) was found in 1880 in the Saparilla garden in New Larnaka (Scala) : now in

6 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

Vienna Hof-IMuseum. It appears to have stood in a hall or court with frescoes, fragments of which were afterwards found by 0-R. [Arch. Zeit. 1880. p. 184, PI. xvii ; KI3H. cciii. 5.] The megalithic chamber known as the Phanerom^ni (Chapel of the Annunciation) was completely cleared in 1881 for JNIr. C. D. Cobham, Commissioner of Larnaka.

[0-R. Arch. Zeit. 1881, p. 311, PI. xviii; KBH. cxxv. 3, 4; Parrot, iii. fig. 209-10.] A sanctuary of Artemis Paralia, with late inscriptions and many terra- cottas, near the east shore of the Salt Lake, about a mile from Larnaka, was found ransacked when excavated in 1881 (No. 7, KBH.).

The sanctuary on the hill called Batsalos, by the causeway over the Salt

Lake, was ransacked by L. P. di Cesn.: the ground-plan and a few fragments

were recovered by J. L. ]\L for the Cypr. Expl. Fund in 1894. A fragment

of an inscribed marble bowl, from hence, is in the Ashmolean ]\Ius., Oxford.

[ Colonna Ceccaldi, 'Mon. Ant. de Chypre,' ch. i ; Cesnola, Cyprus,

PI. ix. flf.; 'Athenaeum,' June 9, 1894 ; J. H. S. xvii : Inscr. publ. by

Rev.G.A. Cooke, 'Academy,' 1237 (Jan. 18, 1896); No. 8, KBH.]

The necropolis of Kition represenls_a]ll periods from the earliest Graeco-

Phoenician (sub-Mykenaean) onwards. Excavations in 1 879-1 882, by

0-R. for Sir Charles Newton (Brit. Mus.), and 1894, near the Turabi

T6k6, by J. L. M. for the Cypr. Expl. Fund (Ashm. INIus. and Cypr. Mus.,

Tomb Groups, pp. 177-9: a marble stele, with Phoen. inscription, = Brit.

Mus. No. 31). A fine two-chambered tomb of masonry was discovered in

Old Larnaka in 1894, and will be published in 'Tamassos und Idalion.'

[Chroniques, 173, 269 ; J. H. S. xvii. pp. 152-164 (J. L. I\L); the

inscriptions, 'Academy,' 1237, 1238 (Jan. 18 and 25, 1896).]

A sanctuary, with very numerous painted terracottas, was excavated in

1894 by J. L. M. for Cypr. Expl. Fund in the field called Kamelarga (Kafxri-

Xapyia, ' the camel-stable '), south- west of Old Larnaka, on the line of the

ancient wall of Kition. Cypr. Mus. 5501 ff., Ashm. Mus., &c. [J. H. S.

xvii. p. 164 ff.]

Ilosci (or Goshi, Larnaka District). A sanctuary of Apollo, and an early Graeco-Phoenician necropolis, were excavated by 0-R. for Sir C. Newton in i88i. [Chroniques, p. 175.]

Ktima (Papho District). A Byzantine tomb with frescoes over the door, and a Roman grave, were discovered east of the town, and destroyed, in 1884 by convict labourers. There are Hellenistic tombs in the same necropolis. Traces of an aqueduct here and at Yeroskfpos (\(pos Krjnos).

[Cypr. Mus. ]\IS.Rep.iv.p. 28-9: two tombs opened by 0-R. 1885.]

Kuklia (v. Paphos).

Kutrdpha and Nikitdri (Larnaka District).

An early Graeco-Phoenician necropolis (fibula-period), with bronze vessels. Excavated in 1885 by 0-R. for Mr. C. Watkins.

KURION {Eptskopt, Limassol District).

The acropolis is conspicuous, but the surface remains are few and late. The Mykenaean necropolis was not discovered till 1895, but the Graeco- Phoenician and Hellenistic have been repeatedly explored : —

1882. By Mr. G. Hake, for the S. Kens. Mus. Some Gr.-Phoen. tombs:

CHRONICLE OF EXCAVATIONS. 7

embossed gold plate : v. p. 34. Hellenistic and Roman tombs with figurine- vases and much glass.

1883. By Messrs. Williamson & Co., and by Major Chard, with 0-R. as Government Inspector. Hellenistic tombs without glass, and later ones with glass. Cypr. Mus. 2843, 3121, 3135, 3173.

1883-84. By 0-R. for Col. Warren, S. Brown, and others: deter- mining the Graeco-Phoenician necropolis. Rich Hellenic tombs were found in the level ground east of the acropolis, near church of Ag. Hermogenis. Hence a silver krater (C. M. 4884) and a silver ring with carnelian scaraboid (Athene with akrostolion: S. Brown's collection), now in the British Museum. Also Cypr. Mus. 3145 (early terracotta).

1885. By Dr. Diimmler and 0-R. The spot where L. P. di Cesnola said that he found the ' Curium Treasure ' was examined before numerous witnesses : undisturbed earth was found at a small depth, and the results justify an absolute denial of Cesnola's story. He is, however, known to have excavated numerous rich tombs on the site.

1886. By Vicomte E. de Castillon de St. Victor, for the French Government, on the same site as 1883. Results in the Louvre: a fine series of jewellery (C. M. 4251-3) and some glass (e.g. C. M. 2536) were allotted to Cyprus Museum.

1895. By Mr. H. B. Walters for the British Museum (Turner Bequest). A rich Mykenaean necropolis was found, with native pottery of Bronze Age types, and a few later gems ; much plundered. Also a temple site with Cypriote and Hellenic terracottas, and Cypriote bilingual inscription ^^rjfirjTpi Kal Kopr], C. M. Tomb Groups, p. 180.

[1882. South Kens. MS. Report: gives no details of tomb-sroups.

1883. Cypr. Mus. MS. Reports from J.W.W.&Co., and from 0-R.

1883-84. KBH. cxcix. 3 (breastplate, in Berl. Mus.); Arch. Zeit.

1884, p. 166 (Conze, Athene gem): cf. Murray, Handbook of Greek

Archaeology, p. 152, No. 14 ; 0-R. four papers in "Eo-Trepos', Leipzig,

1884; Cypr. Mus. MS. Report and Correspondence, June-July, 1 884.

1885. Chroniques, p. 267: for Cesnola-literature, v. CD. Cobham, Bibliography of Cyprus, App. to third ed. 1894.

1886. Archives des Missions Scientifiques, xvii. 1891.

1895. 'Times,' Jan. 6, 1896; 'Academy,' 1236 (Jan. 11, 1896); Report in preparation, cf. below, p. 180.]

Laksha (Nicosia District).

A Bronze Age necropolis. 0-R. in 1885 opened two graves for Dr. Diimmler ; contents in Cyprus Museum, now dispersed. [Diimmler, Mith. Ath. xi. (1886), p. 213.]

Laksha hi Riii (one mile north-east of Larnaka). A rich Bronze Age necropolis, the full extent of which is not yet determined, was discovered in 1894 about ij m. from Larnaka, towards Kalokhorio, and explored by J. L. M. for the Cypr. Expl. Fund. Mykenaean vases were found in company with a variety of highly developed native types. Frequent surreptitious diggings, 1895.

[' Athenaeum,' 3476, June 9, 1894 ; J. H. S. xvii. pp. 147-152.]

Lumber tx (v. Tamassos).

LAPATHOS {Ldpithos, Ker^nia District). The ancient site is between the modern village and the sea, with Hellenistic and Roman remains. The Bronze Age necropolis is near

8 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

ihe village ; Gracco-Phoenician tombs in the village itself ; extensive Hellenistic and Roman necropolis towards Acheropitu monastery by the sea. An important early Graeco-Phoenician tomb, with late IMykenaean vases, was found by peasants and seen by 0-R. in 1883 (=Cypr. INIus. 387, 434, 435, 442=iKBri. clvii. 2, c d e f) : the great vase, KBH. clvii, 2, a, of the same tomb is in Berlin INIuseum : the fragment, Cypr. Mus. 446, was found on the surface near. Other early vases, confiscated, are shown in the castle of Kerfnia.

[Dummler, IMitlh. Ath.'xi (1886), p. 289.]

Leonddri Vunb (Nicosia District). A flat-topped hill of oval shape, with steep escarpments on all sides, about half a mile long, and four miles south of Nicosia, to the west of the Larnaka road. The top of the hill narrows about one-third from the north end, and at this point there are traces of an ancient roadway on the west side. On it, in the north half, are the remains of massive masonry of disputed age; a tumulus containing Bronze Age objects; traces of an early settlement with cisterns, foundations, and primitive millstones ; spindlewhorls and rough pottery ; and, in the south half, a number of half-natural burial caves, containing pottery, bronze, silver spirals, &c. of Bronze Age types. Excavations by Mr. M. R. James for the Cypr. Expl. Fund in 1888 (Cambridge, Fitzwiliiam Museum).

Oberhummer and 0-R. identify this setdement with Li-di-ir (Lidir- Ledroi) of Assyrian tribute lists, and assume a close connexion between it and the necropolis of Ag. Paraskevf.

[J. H. S. ix. (1888), pp. 6-12; Journ. Cypr. Studies, i. (Nicosia, 1888) ; Schrader, Abh. d. Berl. Akad. 1879, p. 31 ff.; Oberhummer, Aus Cypern, i. 32 (214); KBH. clxiv-vi. p. 460].

Li:\IESSOS {Limassol).

Tombs were opened in 1883 near the Commissioner's house. Objects of all periods were found, from Egyptizing scarabs and a Proto-Corinthian aryballos (C. M. 1501 ; KBH. clii. 18) to Roman coins, lamps, and glass. No proper record was kept. Cf. p. 175. Tombs are still constantly opened surreptitiously in the neighbourhood of Limassol, Polemfdhia, &c. [Chroniques, p. 199, 'Des fouilles tout a fait tumultuaires . . .']

Limniti (Papho District). A small sanctuary attributed to 'Apollo Amyklaios,' in a plot of ground called JNIersineri, west of the mouth of the Limnfti river, and about two hours from Levka, was explored in 1889 by Mr. H. Arnold Tubbs for the Cypr. Expl. Fund. The little temenos lies close under the side of the valley, and immediately above a natural spring. Many votive terracottas were found, mostly of native work, with a few specimens of fourth-century Greek figurines and pottery, and three small bronze statuettes. The site had been previously plundered by natives, some of whose spoils are now in Berl. I\Ius., some in Fitzw. Mus., Cambridge, presented by Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard ; others, in O-R.'s possession.

[J.H. S. xi. (1890), pp. 88-91; KBH. xliv-vii; Chroniques, pp. 421, 705; Oberhummer, Aus Cypern, pp. 220-38.J

Liihargiais (near Pe'ra, Nicosia District). Bronze Age necropolis with domed graves. 0-R. 1889. [Forthcoming ' Tamassos und Idalion.']

CHRONICLE OF EXCAVATIONS. 9

Lithrodonta (Larnaka District). Ancient copper-mines near the village. Two miles south-west, near ruined church of Ag. Georgios, are remains of varied dates. By the spring in the valley here, peasants discovered, and 0-R. excavated in 1885, a very primitive temenos ; simply a layer of ashes containing late Ptolemaic and early imperial coins and lamps; often small separate deposits of a lamp and two or three coins together,

[No. 42, KBH. p. 19 ; Cypr. Mus. MS. Rep. 4. pp. 6-7.]

Mdri ; Turkish TatUssugu (Larnaka District).

Graeco-Phoenician necropolis, but no large site : the visible ruins are not ancient. Marion was probably at Poll, not at Mari. Excavations by 0-R. for Sir Charles Newton in 1881 : finds sent to British Museum ; especially two Cypriote oenochoae painted with water-birds. So 0-R. : but all these are registered in Brit. Mus. as coming from Enkomi (Salamis).

Mykenaean necropolis reported 1895-6: Br. Age vessels already in a private collection in Larnaka, 1894. [Chroniques, p. 188.]

MARION = ARSINOE {Poli-Us-Khrysokhu, Papho District).

Marion, the original town, destroyed by Ptolemy Soter in 312 B.C., is identified by O-R. (Hermann, GrabeHeld von Marion, pp. 7, 12 ; KBH. pp. 502-504) with some foundations seen in 1885 on rising ground about a mile east of Poll village. This is disputed by Mr. J. A. R. Munro (J. H. S. xi. p. 6) ; but no decisive evidence has since been brought to light as to the exact site. Arsinoe, the Ptolemaic town, is, without dispute, in the chiflik immediately north of the village, towards the sea.

The necropolis is of great extent, and very richly furnished, particularly with imported pottery of Attic types. . Marion was the head-quarters of the copper trade with the West ' ; which helps to account for the abundant Hellenic imports. The necropolis lies in two main divisions, one near Arsinoe, and south of Poli village ; the other about a mile further east, probably more closely associated with IMarion ; for it appears to contain a larger proportion of sixth-, fifth-, and fourth-century tombs ; whereas Hellenistic tombs are characteristic of the other : but a number of types are certainly common to both.

Trial diggings were made by 0-R. in 1885, leading to extensive excavations (441 tombs) in 1886, principally in the east necropolis, for Messrs. Christian, Watkins, and Williamson. The collection thus formed was sold by auction in Paris in 1887, with the exception of a few pieces sold to the British Museum, and of the Government third, a large part of which is still in the Cyprus IMuseum. The only full account of this excavation is ' Das Graberfeld von Marion' (79th Winkel- mannsfeste Programm, Berlin, 1888), compiled by Dr. P. Hermann from the notes of 0-R., who was engaged in the work.

In 1889-90 further excavations were made in both necropoleis for the Cypr. Expl. Fund, by Messrs. Munro and Tubbs, of the British School of Archaeology in Athens. Dr. Hermann and 0-R. tend throughout to emphasize the contrast between the two sites and the pre-Ptolemaic date of the characteristic Cypriote types of pottery. Mr. Munro, however,

* In the hill country of Tylliria are numerous ancient copper-mines, which appear from recent examinations to have exhausted the supply. O-R. dentifies Tylliria with the ancient Mount Tyrrhias.

lO CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

probably goes too far in the other direction, and modifies his first

conclusions somewhat in his second report.

[Hermann, Das Graberfeld von IMarion ; Munro, J. H. S. x. p. 281 (review of Hermann); xi. pp. 1-99, PI. iii, iv, v; xii. pp. 298-332, PI. xiii, xiv, XV ; KBH. xxii-iv, xxvii, Ixii-iv, Ixvii, clxxiv, clxxvi-clxxxvii, cxcvii. 3, cxcviii. i, 3, cciii. 3, ccxvi. 30, ccxviii (plan), ccxix, and pp. 502-504 (controversial appendix on the sites); Chroniques, pp. 303, 357; Gazette des Beaux Arts, 1887, p. 332; Cypr. Mus. MS. Rep. 4. p. 31 (trials of 1885). Hermann gives a bibliography of special publications of results of 1886: esp. Dummler, Jahrb. ii. PI. viii, xi ; Murray, J. H. S. viii. (1887), p. 317, PI. Ixxxi-ii.]

Maroni (v. Psemmatism^no). NikoUdes (v. Ag. Sozomenos). Nikitdri (v. Kutrapha).

Ormidhia (Larnaka District).

A sanctuary outside the village (No. 15, KBH. p. 12) was excavated by 0-R. for Sir Charles Newton in 1882: finds in British IMuseum ; especially a Kriophoros statue.

PAPHOS {Kuklid).

The sanctuary of the Paphian Aphrodite lies close to the village

of Kiiklia, and was excavated in 18S8 for the Cyprus Exploration

Fund by INIessrs. Gardner, Hogarth, James, and Elsey Smith. Only

pavements and foundations of walls were discovered, and very few

architectural remains. The sanctuary consists of an enclosed court,

entered from the east between two blocks of pre-Roman buildings, and

bounded on the north by a pre-Roman portico, and on the south by

a deeper one of Roman work. South of this again is a detached wing

|, and portico, with more northerly orientation, but very imperfect, and of

I uncertain plan ; of earlier work, modified in Roman times, and perhaps

I representing the original sanctuary. ' Its plan is entirely unlike a Greek

I or Roman one, and with its comparatively small chambers and the series

j of large courts, either open or covered in, serves to remind us of

I !■ Solomon's Temple at Jerusalem, which is almost the only shrine erected

I J by Phoenician workmen of which there is any detailed record remaining '

(Elsey Smith in J. H. S. Report, p. 55).

A large number of tombs, opened at the same time, in the neighbourhood of Kuklia, yielded contents of all periods, from late-lNIykenaean to Graeco-Roman ; but the majority had been robbed already of the more valuable objects : noteworthy early tombs were allotted to the Cyprus Museum (Tomb Groups, p. 174).

, [Detailed Report in J. H. S. ix (1888), pp. 149-264, Pi. vii-xi, with plans, photographs, &c.]

Phoenichdis (Nicosia District).

A Bronze Age necropolis wiih Mykenaean vases and native imitations.

0-R. in 1883 opened tombs for Sir C. Newton : contents in Brit. Mus. One

grave contained an implement which looked like iron, but proved to be of an

iron oxide (analysis of Prof Weeren,Techn. Hochschule, Charlottenburg).

[KBH. p. 33, fig. 29; cl. 12-15; clii.]

CHRONICLE OE EXCAVATIONS. II

Psemmah'smeno (Larnaka District). An early Bronze Age settlement and necropolis lie on a hill between Psenunatismeno 2s^di Maroni ; much plundered by peasants. 0-R. in 1885 opened two tombs, and two more for Dr. Diimmler : the contents were formerly exhibited together in the Cyprus Museum, but in 1894 were found dispersed.

Later Bronze Age necropolis at Zdnikas, close to the sea, south of Psemmatismdno and Maroni : very much rifled. Mykenaean vases are fairly common. 0-R. acquired here in 1884 a Babylonian gold ring, engraved with two seated deities ; rayed sun below, moon above.

[Cypr. Mus. MS. Rep. 4. p. 8, fig.; Dummler, Mitth. xi. (1886); KBH. p. 463, clxviii. i; Zdriikas, KBH. cli. 35 ; J. H. S. xvii. 171 ; Cj'pr. Mus. IMS. Rep. 4. p. 9. The ring is now in the Liebermann Collecdon, Berlin.]

Pyla (Larnaka District). Bronze Age necropolis with Mykenaean vases ; plundered by peasants in 1895. Mykenaean haematite cylinder in Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

SALAMIS {Enkomi, Ag. Barnabas). The megalithic vaulted building known as Ag. Katrina is published in J. H. ^ iv. pp. 111-115, PI. xxxiii-iv (0-R.); cf. KBH. clxxv. 5, 9.

The Hellenistic and Roman necropolis is extensive. Graeco-Phoenician tombs were found in 1890, and Mykenaean in 1896. Excavations: —

1878. By A. P. di Cesnola, surreptitiously: some of the objects were confiscated, and are in the Cyprus Museum: v. Index, s.v. Cesnola.

[A.P. di Cts,x\o\z,Sala?nima, passim: Artemis Paralia sanctuary, p. 96.] 1880. By 0-R. for Sir Charles Newton (Brit. IMus.), north and west of the town. The Enkomi Tomb Group (p. 177) was found about this time. [Mitth. Ath.(i88i), pp. 191 flf., 244 flf.; (1883), p. 133 ff.; Athene- statuette: P. Gardner, J. H. S. (1881), PL xvi ; A. S. Murray, Hist. Gr. Sculpture, PI. xvii; KBH. ccii. i ; Chroniques, pp. 179 ff.; Rep. f. Kunstwissenschaft, 1886, ix. p. 204.] 1882. A Roman house and bath near the Forest-guard's house were exposed by 0-R. ; with suspensurae of brickwork, and a fine mosaic of mixed stone and glass tesserae, representing [Orpheus] attended by beasts; central figure missing; much damaged since by exposure.

[Chroniques, pp. 179-183; O-R.'s unpublished water-colour drawing in Brit. Mus.] 1882. By Mr. G. Hake for South Kensington INIuseum, near Ag. Barnabas Monastery : 45 tombs.

[Chroniques, p. 1 99 ; S. Kens. IMS. Rep. : no details of Tomb Groups.] 1890-91. By JMessrs. Munro and Tubbs for Cyprus Expl. Fund. The last-named excavated also several sites within the town, which is thickly covered with sand-hills ; namely : —

A. A group of ' Granite Columns ' with massive wall-foundations.

B. A rectangular portico = 'Temenos of Zeus' (reached in 1882 in

boring for water and noted by 0-R., cf. Chroniques, pp. 179-80).

C. The Agora, and ' Loutron ' (reservoir) attached.

D. ' Daimonostasion ' and cistern : inscr. At6y 2cot^/jos-.

E. ' Campanopetra ' : Graeco-Phoenician pottery (some quite early),

associated with Rhodian, b. f. and r. f. wares. A sub-Mykenaean fragment is figured, J. H. S. xii. p. 142, fig. 5.

12 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

F. 'Atrium' of a Roman house.

G. ' Toumba ' (mound) : an early shrine with elaborately modelled and painted terracotta statues of all sizes (seventh and sixth centuries); (Brit. Mus., Ashm. Mus., Fitzw. Mus., Cypr. Mus. 5801 ff.).

H. ' Column Drums' of a large public building.

[J. H. S. xii. 59-198, 298-333, Tombs, p. 166-7, PI- ^-x, xiii-xv.] 1 896. By Messrs. A. S. INIurra}- and A. H. Smith for the British Museum (Turner Bequest). An extensive Mykenaean necropolis was found with richly furnished tombs ; some of unusually late date.

['Times,' Aug. 13, 1896, v. Tomb Groups, p. 183 below (Report in preparation).]

SOANDOS ? {Siuda, and Vatil), Famagusta District).

Large Br. Age and early Gr-Phoen. necropolis near Sinda ; Hellenistic and Roman near Vatili : much plundered by peasants. The town-site is near Sinda, and yields architectural fragments of Hellenistic age.

SOLOI {Soliah) v. Katydata-Linu.

TAMASSOS {Frdngissa, Ag. Mm'isos, Lamberil).

The ancient town-site lies east of Ag. Mndsos Monastery; traces of the wall remain; glass-works were discovered in 1885 within the town. A sanctuary of the Mijrr;p Qeav within the town (No. 5, KBH.) is identi- fied by inscriptions ; and a sanctuary of Apollo (No. 6, KBH.) was discovered outside in 1889, The necropoleis, of all periods, and the town-sites, were excavated by 0-R. in 1885 for private persons, and in 1889 and 1894 for the Berlin INIuseum and the Prussian Secretary of State for Public Instruction : and at Lambert! (south-east corner of old town ; east of Ag. Heraklides Monastery), Graves 1-3 1 (1889) and Graves 32-50 (1894), for the 'Rudolph Virchow Fund.'

Another sanctuary of Apollo, with a necropolis, was also excavated by 0-R. in 1885, 1889, 1894, at Frd7igtssa, three miles west of Ag. Mnasos. Hence (1885) Cypr. Mus. 6000 ff. and the early pictorial vase in the British INIuseum (C 120).

[Chroniques, p. 294 ; KBH. figs. 37, 38 in text (Brit. IMus. vase), vi (Plan) ; see forthcoming ' Tamassos und Idalion.']

TREMITHUS {Tremithusha, Famagusta District).

The ancient site lies north-west of the modern village; necropolis excavated in 1883 by 0-R. for Cyprus Museum. Hellenistic unpainted pottery, especially C. M. 1152 with graffito XAPH2. [Chroniques, p. 197.]

Vitsdda (Nicosia District). Sanctuary with Hellenistic statues. Illicit digging by peasants in 1893 produced the confiscated sculptures, C. M. 5991-7.

Voni (v. Khytroi).

Xylotymbu (Famagusta District).

Two late Graeco-Phoenician tombs of fine masonry, with gable roof built as a 'false-arch,' were opened by 0-R. for Sir Charles Newton in 1882. [KBH. clxxxix, plans, sections, and contents; J. H. S. iv, p. 116, PI. xxxiv, 4, 5.]

Zdrukas (v. Psemmatism^no).

INTRODUCTION.

EARLY MAN IN CYPRUS.

Nothing can as yet be stated with certainty as to the ethnographical afiinities of the first known population of Cyprus. Virchow's ' Schadel von Assos und Cypern' was based largely upon skulls from Cesnola's collection, that is to say, of unknown provenance and date : and the skulls now in Vienna, which were published by Weisbach in ' The Owl ' (Nicosia, 1888), Nos. 9, 10, were from Hellenistic graves at LinuK In the Bronze Age tombs human remains are very seldom found complete enough for determination, and in even the Graeco-Phoenician Age the population is already so mixed that there is no security that the few specimens which have been published represent the native stock. The most recent investigator of Mediterranean ethnology — G. Sergi, 'Origine e Diffusione della Stirpe Mediterranea' (Roma, 1895) — quotes no Cypriote evidence as to race, though he subscribes to the received opinion of the place of the island in early culture. In no case, however, can a community of culture prove, though it may sometimes suggest, a community of race ; and the discussion of Cypriote civilization which follows mjust be held to keep the race-question absolutely open. We must learn more of the psychology of artistic style before we can say that likeness between the elementary canons of the art, even of adjacent areas, proves any kinship between their populations.

I. THE STONE AGE.

The Stone Age has left, so far as is known, but very slight traces in Cyprus. Palaeolithic implements have not been recorded at all ; but it must be set against this that the island contains no flint or obsidian, and probably no beds analogous to the river-gravels of the North.

Neolithic implements also are very rare. One celt was bought near EpiskopI (Kurion) by Vicomte E. de Castillon de S. Victor in 1886 (Archives des Missions, xvii, Paris, 1891)^; another, bought in the Karpass, was in M. Konstantinides' collection in Nicosia^ (Journ. Cypr. Stud. PI. i. 252) ; a third is in the collection of Mr. W. T. Taylor, lately the Receiver- General of Cyprus; a fourth from Kurion (1895, Brit. Mus.) is cata- logued below, No. 470, and a flint knife was bought by O-R. (1895) from a peasant of Alambra. Even these, moreover, are isolated finds, and no tombs or other deposits of the Stone Age have been discovered at all^ hitherto.

* Those from Lambertl (Tamassos\ excavated in 1894, have reached Prof. Virchow in a state which permits them to be studied ; and will be published in ' Taniassos und Idalion.'

English excavators before 1894 uniformly 'respected the relics of the dead ' (J. H. S. ix. 27T, xi. 31) : and the skulls stnt home from Amat/ms to the British Museum (now ill Univ. Mus., Oxford) were so misused, that they afford no trustworthy results. Two from Kalopsida 28 are deposited in the Cyprus Museum.

2 ' Trouvee a cote des debris d'un squelette dans la partie de la plaine qui est au pied de la ville, non loin de I'ancien port ' (p. 6).

^ Now in O-R.'s possession.

14 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

In particular, there is no distinct Stone Age pottery. The earliest tombs contain, it is true, no bronze ; and the pottery is here of rough and coarse workmanship : but no stone implements are found in place of the bronze, and the pottery types are all closely related in form to the fine work of the developed Bronze Age\

The only tumuli in Cyprus are two very doubtful ones near Salamis'^, one at Leondari Vuno, and another south-west of Kiiklia^ ; and the megalithic monuments at Old Paphos and elsewhere '' are of uncertain age. Messrs. Hogarth and Guillcmard described some of the perforated stones as the uprights of old oil-presses ''' : and none have any features or surroundings which would refer them to a specially Neolithic origin.

II. THE BRONZE AGE«. Distribution of Sites.

Settlements at Alambra, Agios Soz6menos and Nikolfdes near Dali, Lithargiais near Pdra, Leondari Vunb near Nicosia, Kalopsfda near Famagusta, and Psemmatism^no near the south coast.

Tombs (i) at Kat/data and Linvi in the Soliais Valley north of Tr6odos; (2) Pera, Politiko, and Phoenichais in side valleys of the upper Pidias basin; (3) Alambra (three sites), Agios Soz6menos, Nikolfdes, Potamia, and L^'mbia, in the basin of Nfsu and Dali (Idalion) ; (4) Leon- dari Vuno, Laksha, and Agia Paraskevj, onthe plateau south and south-west* of Nicosia; (5) Kythrda, Dfkomo, and Krinl on the south side of the pass over the north range to Ker^'nia ; and at Lapithos (Lapathos) on the north coast; (6) Kalopsfda and Sinda on the south side of the Messaoria, and Xylotymbu and P/da between Famagusta and Larnaka ; (7) Laksha tu Riu north-west of Larnaka; (8) Pentaskino, Zarukas, Psemmatismdno, Maroni, Mari, Kalavaso, and Moni, in the valleys south of Stavro Vuni and Makhaira, separated from the Dali group only by the low pass between the two mountain masses ; and (9) at Episkopi (Kurion) on the south- west coast, where there is a regular Mykenaean necropolis; while native imitations of Mykenaean vases have been found at Kuklia (Paphos) and Politiko (Tamassos) in transitional tombs like those of Kat/data-Linia. The locality Throni, given for vases now in Turin INIuseum, rests on the authority of L. P. di Cesnola : and seems to refer to some site in group 6, To these must now be added (10) a large Mykenaean necropolis near Enkomi (Salamis).

General Characteristics.

The map of Bronze Age settlements and cemeteries in Cyprus (PI. i. i) shows that, with the exception of the little group which occupies the passes of the Kerynia mountains, they are confined to the country of white limestone and gypsum which encircles the red plutonic mountain mass of Troodos, INIakhaira, and Stavro Vuni, and that they are generally in or near the river valleys and marshy pasture lands which traverse and fringe it. The inference from this distribution, that the inhabitants of Cyprus in the Bronze Age w'ere pastoral and agricultural lowlanders,

* Diimmler, Mitth. Ath. xi. (1886), p. 216. '^ Oberhummer, Aus Cypem, p. 124. ^ J. H. S. xii. p. 103. * KBH. xviii ; Hogarth, Devia Cypria, PI. iv, p. 46.

* Cf. megalithic Roman oil-presses in Tripoli, described as temples by H. S. Cowper, 'Antiquary,' Feb., 1896.

* The distinction between the earlier Copper Age and the Bronze Age which follows the introduction of Tin is sufficiently well established so far as the metallic objects are concerned ; but there is no break in the development of objects associated with them.

INTRODUCTION. 15

who avoided the forest-clad highlands, is confirmed by the frequency, among their pottery, of ladles and of large open bowls often provided with spouts (cf. a Cypriote example in Athens, 'Edv. Mova-. No. 95) such as are among the essential furniture of a dairy ; and of corn-rubbers or saddle-querns (exactly like those from Hissarlik, and those still used, for example, on the African Gold Coast), which show that corn was ground for food in most of their communities.

The remains which are referred to the ' Bronze Age ' are distinguished by very marked features from all other antiquities found in Cyprus. . In the tombs, burial is universal and burning unknown; and the equip- rVYl? ment of the tombs is correspondingly elaborate. The native pottery, which is abundant and of very varied styles, is never made upon the potter's wheel, except close to the end of the period, but is built up by hand, and is consequently often coarse and clumsy.

The commonest metallic objects are axe-heads, dagger-blades, and scrapers of very simple forms, like those of Hissarlik and of the earlier Bronze Age of Central Europe, and especially of Hungary. They are made of bronze containing very little tin, .or even of almost pure Qopper, like tlTe earliest Egyptian weapons and those from the lower layers at Hissarlik' and all over Europe. Spear-heads of distinct Mykenaean type were found in the grave of the ' Ochsen-krater ' at Agia Paraskevf (now in Berlin Museum), and at Leondari Vuno. Besides these, simple awls, pins, needles, pincers, bracelets, rings, earrings, and beads, tubular and spiral — again like those of Central Europe (Much. Kupferzeit^ p. 374, &c.) — are found, generally of bronze, but occasionally of ill-refined silver lead. No arrow-heads have been found, and archery is only represented at all on one cylinder from Kythr^a (Journ. Cypr. Stud. Pl.i. 169); while spear-heads, if indeed there are any, are hardly to be distinguished from sword and dagger-blades. Fibulae, or safety pins, have not been found at all. Necklaces of Egyptian'porcelain beads, of twelfth dynasty fabrics ; of coarse native imitations of these, and occasionally of transparent glass (e. g. a fine spiral earring in the collection of the late Dr. Tischler, from Ag. Paraskevf), are also found ; Egyptian scarabs and other porcelain orna- ments are found imported rarely in late Bronze Age tombs : and likewise ornaments of ivory, and, very rarely, of electron and gold, especially the mountings of engraved cylindrical seals (C. M. 4501-2, cf. p. 33).

These cylinders, which are sometimes made of steatite, sometimes cf porcelain and artificial stone-paste, very closely resemble the early Babylonian seals of the same form. The Cyprus Museum has one gold-mounted specimen from Agia Paraskevf (No. 4501) which was certainly imported from Asia, and bears an inscription in cuneiform characters (Bezold, Z. f. Keilinschr. ii.(i885), pp. 191-93; KBH. p. 35), but the majority are in a different and coarser style, and appear to be of local manufacture.

Representative Art is exemplified by ornaments modelled on the vases in relief, and in the round, as accessories; and by rude clay figurines. All of these are discussed in detail in the section on Sculpture and Modelling, p. 27.

^ Compare Schliemann, Ilios, Appendix on Metallurgy ; Sir A. W. Franks, Proc. Arch. Congress, Stockholm, p. 346 ; Dr. J- H. Gladstone, Brit. Association Report, 1893 (Nottingham), Section B, p. 715: 1896 'Liverpool), Section H, p. 930 ; Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch. xii. p. 234 : ' Journ. Anthr. Inst.' xxvi. 309 ff. Prof. Weeren's analyses (^in 'Tamassos und Idalion ') establish a distinct Copper Age, before the Bronze Age.

l6 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

The characteristic Bronze Age pottery, as already stated (p. 14), pre- cedes actual bronze-finds in the series of tombs, and begins with primitive and rude examples ; but it becomes mature very rapidly both in style and in technique. The earliest and, throughout, the commonest and most characteristic fabrics are wholly hand-made ; and, consequently, lend themselves to unsymmetrical and fantastic modelling. With the exception of a few late and tlistinct fabrics, the vessels have _no foot or base-ring to enable them to stand upright ; as a rule, the bottom is rounded, or at the most very slightly flattened ; at Kalopsida the ordinary vessels are even pohiled below'. IMany of the common bowls, however, are so balanced that they naturally return to an upright position when disturbed. A large number of eminently characteristic forms and ornaments seem to be derived from those of gourd-bottles, such '■ as are still in common use in Cyprus, and a few from basket-work and twisted straw (cf. KBH. xxxiv-v ; and 0-R., 'Parallellen in d. Gebraiichen d. Alten u. d. jetzigen Bevolkerung v. Cypern,' Abh. d. Berl. Anthr. Ges. 1891, pp. 34-44-

Though the clay is coarse, the characteristic slip is fine, bright red in colour (with an ebony-black variety), and polished on the surface with stone or horse-tooth burnishers. But as the pottery is often very slightly baked, the fine surface layer is inclined to separate and flake off.

From these points we may probably draw the following conclusions : —

1. The art of pottery was introduced into Cyprus not much before the beginning of the Copper Age : but it is not the result of a multi- tudinous invasion from without, for the forms are not represented any- where else so abundantly and characteristically ; therefore they are probably indigenous, and, if anything, only the technique is introduced from elsewhere : it is therefore the result of peaceful intercourse, which may be accounted for, like so much else, by the first extension of the

I copper industry. It is, moreover, not improbable that both pottery and i glass-making made their earliest advances in Cyprus in close association 1 with metallurgy. The perishable nature of the gourd-vessels, which the new pottery so quickly replaced, accounts for the absence of any traces of their prototypes ; but the modern Cypriote, with characteristic conservatism, still prefers gourds for househokl bottles and ladles, and still incises geometrical ornaments and concentric circles upon them.

2. The fact that the Cypriote pottery is hand-made precludes the idea that the art was introduced from Egypt, where wheel-made pottery and a great terracotta industry are found earlier than the first appearance of copper.

3. A red polished technique and hand-made fabric arc characteristic of, and unsurpassed among, the Libyan race, discovered in 1895 by Prof Flinders Petrie in the settlements and tombs at Ballas and Naqada in Egypt. From this pottery derives, according to the same authority, some of the ' Amorite ' culture of Syria. In Egypt, this civilization, which

[fills the gap between the sixth and the eleventh dynasty, .is practically I devoid of metals. But the very rare examples which occur are of characteristic forms, which are lale (quasi-Mykenaean) in Cyprus: e.g. the bayonet-like dagger in Ashmolean jNIuseum, cf KBH. cli. 27; and in Syria derivative i)Oltery seems to be associated with Cypriote types of copper. The likeness between the Libyan and the Cypriote red pohshed

* Cf. the nipple-point bottom of C. M. 59; and Lambcrtl (i8g5\ xxxix. 741 (Berl. Mus.) ; also a vase from Teli-el-Hesy. Bliss, ' Mound of Many Cities/ PI. iii, fig. 83,

INTRODUCTION.

17

technique, and between their black deoxidised varieties, is very striking; |

but the enormous majority of the Libyan forms are from stone types, and very few are from gourds; tiiough close parallels of form occur among ring-vases and compos'te and fantastic vessels. We cannot therefore as yet assume that the practically identical technique was introduced into Cyprus from the Libyo-Amorite culture of Syria ; nor, on the other hand, that Libya borrowed this also from Cyprus along with the metal im[ilements.

4. The art of adorning the natural clay with patterns in black paint is exemplified in Cyprus earlier than anywhere else in the Mediterranean. Phoenicia and Hissarlik have yielded no painted pottery; and that of t-mi^ Tell-el-Hesy is late and probably derivative ; while that of Cyprus is certainly pre-Mykenaeari,. The pigment is a native umber, which is still worked. The red paint of the Mykenaean period in Cyprus may have been introduced from the contemporary Egyptian pottery.

The first known culture of Cyprus, thus indicated, whatever may be its origin, has already acquired in its earliest known stages a very distinct and characteristic style which finds no close parallel in the neighbouring areas of the mainland, and must in the present state of our knowledge be regarded, in its earliest known form at all events, as an indigenous development.

The great abundance of the tombs on any site where they occur, and the marked development and progress which can be traced within the limits of the Bronze Age, certainly indicate that this culture was not only extensive and vigorous at any given time, but also that it existed over %_Jong period. Chronological data are of course few and disputable, especially in the earlier sections, where foreign imports are absent or very rare : but it is not improbable that at the point where the evidence first begins, Cyprus was actually ahead of the neighbouring coasts of the Levant, and that for a considerable time after, it may have influenced its neighbours, rather than have been influenced by them.

The Copper Trade. The main cause of this early advance was certainly the fact that Cyprus contains the only large depo; its of copper ore in the Levant ; the nearest alternative sources bt ing Sinai, which supplied Egypt, in part at least, from the beginning of the fourth dynasty .. onwards \ and Central Europe, especially on the Hungarian side of the j/' \ -^ Carpathians. But in the latter area it seems likely that the knowledge of [l the metal, and the earliest types of implements, were introduced from ), Cyprus; while the Sinaitic copper seems not to penetrate beyond Egypt, i^

It is true that in the latter part of the Bronze Age, Cyprus is subject to the influence of the art of Syria and of the IMykenaean centres of the Aegean ; but neither these, nor any other foreign influences, can be admitted without question in the earlier sections of the period.

Hissarlik. By far the closest parallels are afforded by the civiliza ion of Hissarlik, which is shown to be tyj ical for Anatolia by a small but increasing number of isolated finds in Bithynia, Phrygia, and Karia. Hissarlik might seem to antedate Cyprus, for its pottery is ruder and less characteristic, and metal weapons (except Schliemann's ' great treasure,' the date of which is in any case on internal evidence uncertain) are very far out-numbered by the stone implements. But Hissarlik, like Libya, is remote from any known or probable centre of copper industry,

^ Sneferu inscription, close under 4000 B. c. Petiie, Hist. Eg. i. p. 36.

C

i8

CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

though it is on the great immemorial route to Europe, via the Hellespont. Cyprus and Hungary are the nearest centres and are almost equidistant. The pottery of Hissarlik has affinities with that of Cyprus in form, technique, and ornament, and seems to have borrowed tlience ^ : but the red ware at Hissarlik does not begin till the second town and does not pre- dominate till the third ; whereas types of weapons (notably one-edged knives, Schuchh. fig. 3, 6i) appear in the first, which are 710I Cypriote and arc Hungarian, though they penetrate later as far south as Crete. Now there is some reason to believe that the Hungarian, perhaps all Central European copper industry, depends upon the Cypriote ; and, consequently, Hissarlik, which tlei)ends on the Hungarian, cannot be re- garded as earlier in date, though it is certainly more primitive in type than that of Cyprus. It is in fact a local development, partly parallel with Cyprus, and partly derivative from it ; and stands between the Cypriote, the DcUiubian and Alpine, and the Aegean cultures, in a relation which corre- s])onds very nearly to the geographical position of these early art provinces.

Alps Danube

^

r-

Aegean

-Hissarlik-

Cyprus

Central Europe. In Central Europe itself, the late Neolithic and early Bronze (Copper) culture is closely parallel with that of Cyprus, in the types of its earliest weapons and the decorative motives of its pottery. The communication was undoubtedly by way of the Bosphorus and Hellespont ; the red polished fabric, the incised and whitened ornament, and some of the simpler forms, reappear in the Mondsee and elsewhere ; but wherever similarity can be traced, the superiority, in versatility and in finish of ornament, is uniformly on the side of Cyprus. At the same time it must be remembered that no demonstrably Cypriote specimens of the red polished ware have been recorded outside the island : all known Cypriote exports (to Athens, Hissarlik, Thera, Sinjirii, Tell-el-Hesy, and Egypt) are of distinct, derivative, and later fabrics ^.

Th.e Aegean. The occurrence on the acropolis of Athens of Cypriote potsherds, and in the Bronze Age settlement of Thera of a ' hemispherical bowl' of Cypriote workmanship (cf. C. M. 301-4), of vessels with red polished slip, and other tokens of Cypriote influence, prove that communi- cation was established between Cyprus and the Aegean be/ore the great age of IMykenaean art ; but there are no known traces of a corresponding importation of Aegean pottery into Cyprus. Cyprus, that is, thanks mainly to its copper industry, was at this time somewhat in advance of the Aegean.

North Syria. The same applies in some measure to the civilization of North Syria, exemplified at Sinjirii. The bronze of Sinjirii is probably Cypriote. The types there are largely derived from Cypriote types, and in some cases there is a strong presumption of Cypriote workmanship. The same applies to much of the native pottery, and in particular to the late Bronze Age figurines with gigantic earrings (C. M. 464) which appear as a local fabric at Sinjirii, and sporadically elsewhere ; though it is not

V. KBH. cxlvi-cxlix. pp. 451-4.

^ For parallels between Cyprus and Hissarlik, * Journ. Cvpr. Stud. I. p. 6.

INTRODUCTION.

19

clear whether the mainland borrowed from the island, or both from a third common source. But at Sinjirli, as in the Aegean, the majority of the correspondences are late ; very late Bronze Age pottery, and early Graeco-Phoenician pottery and fibulae.

Phoenicia. Tine earlier civilization of Phoenicia and Palestine is so | ; wholly unknown, that no comparison of it with Cypriote culture is of ' j

much value. The small collections of the Jesuit and American Colleges ^ at Beirut contain pottery which resembles some of the distinctly late Bronze K%& fabrics of Cyprus, especially certain forms which last on into the Graeco-Phoenician Age\ But the most universally characteristic types of Cypriote pottery do not reappear at all in Phoenicia, and consequently cannot have been borrowed thence. Again, at Tell-el-Hesy, many of the imported styles of pottery, which are attributed by Prof Flinders Petrie to Phoenicia, are closely allied to the later Bronze Age forms in Cyprus; many of them have all the look of imitations of fabrics which are known to be indigenous in Cyprus, and in the opinion of some authorities, some of them are actual Cypriote exports. In any case the evidence is strongly against any original dependence of Cypriote culture on any known Phoenician style, and against any appreciable intercommunication between Cyprus, and the Phoenician coast and Syria, until the later part of the period.

Egypt. Finally, in Egypt, the evidence is exactly the same. Copper weapons of Cypriote types occur there from the fourth dynasty onwards, but are associated with others, which, though equally derived from neolithic models, do not occur in Cyprus, Western Asia, or Europe, and may be referred to the Sinaitic copper province. But the indigenous early Bronze Age pottery of Cyprus (the red polished ware) is nm found ^-v-^-t.-** J exported or imitated in Egypt. Only the later fabrics occur : ' Black . ,^ punctured ware,' 'Base-ring ware,' and 'Hemispherical bowls' (vide i c -'Vt-H below, p. 37-9); and these not till the twelfth dynasty, but then frequently^, - '^

and associated with Cretan^ (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Ser. II, vol. xvi. 351 ff.) and -' ^ - other Aegean fabrics. In Cyprus, correspondingly, it is among the same later styles that Egyptian porcelain ornaments begin to be frequent: they are sufficiently characteristic of the twelfth dynasty to serve as date marks.

Later influences. It has been'arready stated, however, that as time went on, the indigenous art of Cyprus was modified and eventually transformed by the importation of new processes and motives from without. Cyprus lies within reach of four sets of foreign influences ; from the north, from the east, from the south, and from the west.

I. The coast of Cilicia and the north coast of Cyprus are in full view of each other: they have always had much in common both physically and ethnographically ; and the excavations at Sinjirli have brought much evidence to confirm the obvious relations already indicated between Cypriote and ' Hittite ' or Syro-Kappadokian culture. Many engraved cylinders of the later Bronze Age in Cyprus are practically indistinguish- able from those of the mainland of Asia INlinor. All these cylinders go back to Babylonian prototypes, and as the series is more continuous on the mainland than in Cyprus, it is probable that in this instance, as with

^ 0-R. bought in Beirut a jug with stiainerspout, painted with sub-Mykenaean lattice-triangles, but of local clay. Cf. a few early Gr.-Phoenician vases from Phoenicia in the Louvre.

^ Petrie, Illahun, PI. xiii, xxvii, &c. (Kahun) ; i. (Aegean fabrics, at Kahun).

^ There appears to be a fragment of this Cretan {Kamdrais) ware from Kurioii (1895, Brit. Mus.).

C 2

I

20 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

the distinct class of quasi-Mykenaean cylinders, it is the Cypriote forms which are derivative.

2. At sunrise the Lebanon is clearly visible from Stavro Vuni, and the imitations of Babylonian cylinders, already mentioned, point as much to Syrian as to Cilician intercourse. Moreover, the presence of genuine Babylonian cylinders argues the establishment oHhe more direct route. The occurrence among them of one attributed to Sargon P (3000 B.C.: in M. Konstantiniiles' collection) of course proves nothing as to the upward date of the connexion ; and in any case there is no trace of the pre- ponderant Phoenician influence in the second thousand years b. c. which

\ has been assumed on the authority of late Greek writers. The publication, ■ in Dr. Bliss's account of the excavations at Tell-el-Hesy (' A Wound of INIany Cities,' London Palestine Expl. Fund, 1894), of a mass of new material for the early history of the Syrian coast makes it neces;-ary to repeat the caution, that until pottery of certain classes has been found to be characteristic of finds in Phoenicia iiself, it is not safe to assume it to be Phoenician. On the other hand, the frequent occurrence of characteristically Cypriote shapes and patterns, especially of 'hemispherical bowls' (C. I\L 301-4), is quite as far from proving any ethnic affinity between the early inhabitants of Cyprus and the settlers of Tell-el-Hesy, or any such site.

3. Cyprus is, in fair weather, widiin three days' sail of the mouth of the Nile; it was, almost certainly, invaded by Thothmes III about_i45o b.c; and had probably been visited from F-gypt even earlier for the sake of its copper and timber. The cartouche of Thothmes III is extraordinarily frequent on scarabs, both Fgy])tian and native, of a later period ; and its popularity in Cyprus may, perhaps, partly rest upon the tradition of his former connexion with the island. The occurrence of Egyptian scarabs, and of porcelain and ivory ornaments, in the Bronze Age tombs has been already mentioned^; but beyond these casual imports, which, here as

j everywhere, were frequently imitated, there is little trace of Egjptian influence in Cyprus during the Bronze Age. On the other hand, in foreign seldements, and even in Egyptian tombs from the twelfdi d}nasty onwards, several of the so-called 'Aegean ' fiibrics of poUery either are cha- racteristically Cypriote or are found in equal abundance on Cypriote sites,

4. The influence from the west is that of the M}kenaean civilization alluded to above (p. 18), The IMykcnaean Age is placed between 1700 and 900 B. c by the find-groups in Egypt, Rhodes, and Mykenae, and this date agrees with the best Greek tradition. The preliminary reports of the British Museum excavations at Kurion, 1895 ^ which assign Mykenaean tombs to the seventh century, cannot be allowed to modify this view until they are supported by a full statement of the evidence. But INIykenean art has already passed through a series of phases, at the point where it first becomes datable ; and the Bronze Age art of Cyprus, top, seems to have existed for a very considerable time, before it becomes affected by it, 1^ their later stages, however, Cypriote and Mykenaeao conventions influence each other strongly ; the latter eventually prevail, and pass on with modifications into the period which follows ; but there is' no sudden or complete extinction of the indigenous styles. '"" ^

* Ilommel, Gesch. Bab. u. Assyr. p. 301 ff. Pietschmann, p. 249. " Cf. Diimmler, Mittb. Ath. xi. p. 243 : KBH. clxxiii. 22 : CM. 630 ff. ' E.g. 'Times,' Jan. 6, 1896; 'Academy,' Jan. 11, 1896; for detailed criticism vide ' Academy,' Feb. i, i?96(J.L. M.). Also at 6'a/awzj-, v. above, Chron. of Exc. p. 12.

INTRODUCTION. 21

III. THE GRAECO-PHOENICIAN AGE.

From the First Introduction of Iron, to the Ptolemaic Conquest

OF Cyprus 295 b. c.

The sites identified with the following cities yield remains belonging to this period : — Amathis, Idalion, Kition, Kurion, Lapathos, Marion- ARSiNoii, Paphos, Salamis (the Graeco-Phoenician necropolis is unknown), Soandos (Sinda), Soloi, Tamassos. The remainder are not certainly identified : Akhna, Athidnu, Avg6ro, Gastria, Goshi, Khelonais, Limnfti, ]\Iari (Tatlisugu), INIazotb, Ormidhia, Polemidhia, Xylotymbu, Yalusa, Zygi. ' Dades,' given on L. P. di Cesnola's authority as the locaHty for early vases in the Turin Museum, is the classical name of Kavo Kid, south of Larnaka. The nearest established site is Larnaka (Kition), where such vases are common.

Nothing could be more complete than the contrast between the remains of the Bronze Age, and those of the fully-developed Graeco-Phoenician Age. (i) All the ordinary pottery is now made upon the wheel, and with the exception of a few types of flasks and barrel-shaped vases all the vessels are provided with a foot or base-ring. Relief and incised orna- ments are almost wholly absent, and the great majority of the vessels found in tombs are ornamented in a wholly different style, with lustreless black paint, much of which is applied to the vases while still on the wheel.

(2) Bronze is still the commonest metal, but iron is frequently used throughout the period, and has replaced bronze altogether for knives and swords. The lanceheads, both of iron and of bronze, have tubular sockets ; this type is borrowed from Mykenae : and fibulae of early but not primitive types are in regular use. Gold and silver are frequently found, and the latter becomes very common in the sixth and fifth centuries.

(3) Qj'linders are replaced by conical seals; and both imported and native scarabs are numerous and characteristic.

' The Period of Transition. But though the general characters of the two periods difi'er so widely, there is clear evidence of a transidon from one to the other. Tombs have been found, of very late Bronze Age at Ag. Sozomenos, Nikoh'des, and Lamberti, and of very early Iron Age at Kat/'data-Linu, in which both hand-made and wheel-made vases of the same types occur together, and a number of forms seem to persist with very slight change, especially the common bowls, and some classes of flasks, oenochoae and amphorae. The ornament also derives some of its characteristic motives from the painted technique of the late Bronze Age ; and the most frequent motive of all, the concentric circles (which were found, at Lakshk tu Riii, painted upon a hand-made fragment), from the ^ incised ornament of the red ware ; ^utthe majority of the elements ' ' ^ (latticed triangles, wavy lines, and groups of bands), and__many of th.e '^ ^ f9fBis.^.e-. derivexi, often with very slight modification, from the later art ■ ^LMx^enae, and we may refer the use of the wheel and the wearing of, fibulaeTo the same source. In fact, at this point, the correspondence is-' very marked between the pottery of Cyprus, and that of Crete, Rhodes, Kalymnos, the Aegean Salamis, Attica, and Nauplia.

The very early appearance of iron, and its great frequency at this time, are a measure of the close intercourse of Cyprus with the Syrian coast, the only area in whicfi iron-workings may be suspected to be earlier.

22 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

Cyprus has considerable masses of iron ore of fair quality, and there is evidence that they were discovered and worked as soon as the knowledge of the metal extentled.

The Graeco-Phoenician Age has been so named, because throughout it Cyprus was the principal m-eeting-point of Greek colonists and traders from the West, and of Phoenicians from the East. At its opening, the T\Iykenaean thalassocracy is decadent, and the ' Peoples of tlie Isles of the Sea ' are being thrust back before the rapid seaward expansion of Phoenicia. Tlie state of the Eastern Mediterranean at this time is well depicted in the Homeric poems, but the story of the Greek colonization of Cyprus is still obscure. All that is clear is that the first Greek settlers used a similar dialect to that of the earlier strata of population in Peloponnesos, and that they were established in Cyprus before the spread of the Hellenic type of alphabetic writing ; for the Cypriote syllabary is shown by the discoveries of ]\Ir. A. J. Evans (Cretan Pictographs, &c., 1895=]. H. S. xiv. 270 ff.), to be closely connected with, and probably dejivative from, the Aegean hieroglyphic system. But, as elsewliere, the first colonists seem to have mixed freely with the aboriginal population, so as to give rise in this isolated corner of the Greek world to a peculiarly distinct type of the Hellenic stock, and to a local and characteristic culture.

Of the Phoenician settlers and traders even less is known, for we have not at present any adequate evidence as to the character of the civilization which they brought with them. Their inscriptions are found earlier in Cyprus than in Phoenicia, but even here not before the ninth centuryj and associated already with fully formed Cypriote pottery ; and it is very probable that here, as elsewhere, they had no original art of their own, but borrowed from Cypriote — eventually from Mykenaean — sources, just as they borrowed from Assyria and Egypt. It is probably more than a coincidence that on the hand-made, gourd-formed, fantastic and composite pottery of the modern Kabyles in the Hinterland of Carthage is retained a scheme of ornamentation in black paint with red accessory bands, which in all essentials is exactly parallel with that of Cyi)riote pottery in the centuries when Africa was first exploited by Phoenician merchants. But until the eaily necropolis of Carthage has been explored, this must remain only a tempting and probable conjecture".

Though no break occurs in the development of Cypriote pottery, and associated objects of native workmanship, from the beginning of the Graeco-Phoenician Age down to the Ptolemaean occupation of Cyprus, it is convenient, on account of such change as does occur, to divide the period into two, at the moment when vases and other objects of Hellenic, and particularly of Attic, workmanship, begin to appear in Cypriote sites and tombs. This is best illustrated by the record'- of shafts sunk at Salamis, the only first-rate site in Cyprus which has not been ruined by denudation.

The moment thus indicated corresponds not only with that at which change is most rapid in the series of native pottery, but also with that at which Cypriote art in general attains its highest artistic level ; only to lose thenceforward both its originality and its technical finish ; and to give way, though for a long while very slowly, before the influx of Hellenic fashions which became dominant in the island some three centuries later.

'■ Many of the forms of the earlier Carthaginian pottery already discovered correspond with Cypriote forms of the eighth and seventh centuries approximately: cf. Delattre, Tombeaux Puniqucs, 1890; Necr. Punique de Carthage, 1896. For the Kabyle pottery, cf. Goodyear, Grammar of the Lotus, p. 381. -' J. H. S. xii. p. 142.

INTRODUCTION.

23

The Art of Cyprus down to this point is strongly geometrical in character, and this tendency never wholly disappears. It is probably more than a coincidence that at the present day the native decoration of gourds, woodwork, &c., has the same features ; even though in repre- sentations of men, &c., there is some attempt at a realistic treatment.

But the geometrical style of Cyprus is not derived from the corre- sponding styles of Rhodes, Crete, and Hellas.' Vases of 'Dipylon' style were occasionally imported, e.g. a fragment from Amathus (1894, Brit. Mus.), a vase from Goshi (0-R. 1883* Brit. INlus.), and (probably) the magnificent vase in the Cesnola collection (KBH. Ixxxix). Native imita- tions also are found rarely, e. g. Amathus 94 (Brit. Mus.), Athienu (0-R. coll.). The technique of the concentric circles, which were made with a cluster of small brushes attached to a pair of compasses, beneath which the vase was often made to rotate on its side, is identical in Cypriote and Dipylon vases ; and many other elements of ornament are found to be closely parallel. At present, however, it is impossible to say with certainty which style borrowed from the other; only the continuance of the bronze trade, the precocity of the iron industry, and the clearer evidence of early artistic activity favour the presumption that Cyprus may in many cases have taken the lead, ^fhe use of red paint in any case seems to occur earlier in Cyprus ; and may have been borrowed thence by Boeotia, Euboea, and South Italy. The truih, in fact, seems to be that early Graeco-Phoenician art, while springing mainly from the same root (the later IMykenaean), parts company at once with the geometrical art of Hellas ; and for a long while only comes into contact with it rarely and accidentally.

After a while, and apparently somewhat earlier than in the Aegean ares', Oriental, and especially Egyptian imports, and consequently orienta- lizing motives begin to appear. The lotos, in particular, insinuates itself into the geometrical panels of the pottery (see Goodyear, Grammar of the Lotus, London, 189 1, PI. xlvii-1), and the 'snow-man' technique begins to be supplanted by the new art of pressing clay in a mould invented under Dynasty xviii in Egypt. Scarabs, of steatite and porcelain, with both Egyptizing and native representations, are not uncommon in eighth and seventh century tombs, especially at Amathus and Kition ; a very bright blue chalky paste being peculiarly common and characteristic (C. M. 4565 ff.); but porcelain is not frequently imported, except from Naukratis and in the sixth century. Dome-shaped, pyramidal, and conical seals are also found, of porcelain, steatite, and hard stones, such as quartz and haematite, perforated near the apex, and engraved in the native style. The coarser work is very like that of the most degenerate of the lenticular 'Island-gems' of the Aegean, which are very rare in Cyprus; the finer specimens recall the style of the earlier ' Island-gems.' The large clumsy beads of variegated glass, spherical or cylindrical, are probably of native make, and may be a by-product of the copper industry ; for the glass (or rather vitreous slag) is highly vesicular, and almost pumice-like in texture (v. p. 100, Note prefixed to General Catalogue of Glass). The double-cone-shaped stone beads (which first appear in the later Bronze Age "xiLaksha tu Riii (p. 58), Ag.Paraskevi, Episkopi, Sec), the plano-convex spindlewhorls, and the objects of bone and ivory have drilled concentric circles, or geometrical engraving: one whorl in the IMuseum (C. IM. 731) has the tangent-circles ^^0\o\,o^-. which belong to the early bone and bronze style of the Iron Age of Hellas, and occur on Dipylon pottery.

24 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

But there is little trace in C3-prus of the so-called 'orientalizing' tendency which determines the character of those styles which in Hellas succeed the geometrical, and precede the developed Hellenic styles. : Coni^cqucnlly the geometrical is perpetuated in Cyprus in a continuous • but independent development, until the advent of black-figureTAltic vases^ and other characteristic products of the later sixth century. - Vases, such as KBH. xix, xx, xxi, mark wh.it we may by analogy call the ' Phaleric ' stage of the Cypriote series, and the comparison is probably valid between the form "bf the Melian amphorae (though these have a high foot), and that of a characteristic seventh-sixth century Cypriote type (C. M. 1134 fT.), and also between the deer, KBH.cxviii. 5, cxi. 3, Ixi (cf. xix), clii. 19 (lxxiv-v,=Ashm. Cyp. 441), water-fowl, &c., cviii. 2, cxiii. 3, and ' sacred trees,' clii. 19, which are the principal motives of a rare but very fine ' orientalizing ' fabric in Cyprus, and the deer and birds of the finest ' Rhodian' ware. Cf. Boeotian birds and trees, Mon. Piot. i. Pi. iii ; and for possible influence of Cyprus on Rhodes, KBH. Ixxxix. This comparatively rapid change already noticed, between the seventh and sixth centuries, maTBe thus summarized. The following characteristic forms disappear:— all the fibulae, which seem to be replaced by buttons; the embossed ornaments of thin gold plate; and the earrings with mulberry-shaped pendents, iron knives, and swords go on later into the sixUi century at Poli, and then likewise disappear. The tendency, how- ever, is already apparent to replace them in I'omb Groups by an elaborate series of bronze vessels and articles of furniture and the toilet, probably valid as an indication of a contemporary advance in social and political stability. Among the pottery, the animal vases, rude clay ducks, warriors, and f waggons of ' snow-man ' technique still continue ; but the large kraters, the barrel-shaped vessels, and the globular or flattened flasks, which are characteristic of the eighth-seventh century, begin to disappear ; and the series of forms becomes smi^jleTj oenochoae, amphorae, and simple bowls predominating. The characteristic motives of geometrical art fall out of use about the same time; first the distinctly Mykenaean survivals — latticed triangles, wavy lines, and groups of bands ; then the diagonally divided rectangular panel with its lotos and lattice-work filling, the swastika,

A the arrow-head ornament ^ , the tree-ornament, and the archaic water-

A

fowl. The concentric circles either become subordinate and disappear, or take a new development in the ' vertical circle ' motive, which, though it begins in the Mykenaean Age, and is found on Cretan (sub-I\Iykenaean) and on Dipylon vases, e.g. Bri/. A 387-8, does not become characteristic in Cyprus till the^sixth century, except in the small red ware, tn other cases, e.g. at Poll (KBH. xxiii-iv, clxxx), the small gioups of concentric circles break up into rosettes and floral ornaments under early Hellenic in- I; fluences. At the same time first appear the embossed silver bowls, aijd an increasing wealth of silver jewellery of all kinds; bro'nze' shields, helmets, and breastplates (rarely) ; and on the pottery the groups of large vertical circles ^ lotos flowers from Egypt ^ and a new series of more naturalistic trees and birds (Poli, KBH. xxii-xxiv) ; and therewith the rosetle_ as a field and panel filling (especially at Amathus) and the admission of a row of white points running along the dark bands of the ornament.

* The lotos begins on the earlier orientalizing vases of the viii-vii century.

INTRODUCTION. 25

The Period of Greek Influence, as already mentioned, does not really ' I begin before the time of the black-figured Attic pottery. The Museum j possesses one specimen of Proto-Corinthian fabric found near Limassol * (1501) KBH.clii. 18, and three of poor Rhodian work, from Poli( 1511-1 4): but such examples are very rare\ The great Dipylon vase in New York would fall into the same category if anything definite were known about it. The rare porcelain vessels, like that from Amathus 8 (British Museum), which might have been referred to Rhodes, do not seem to occur much, if at all, earlier than the first Attic vases; that from Amathus 228 (British Museum) is dated by a Ptolemaic drachma, and is almost certainly of Egyptian manufacture : 2503 (Amathus 293) may be of even later date.

The Attic vases above alluded to are among the most important evidences for date wherever they are found; for the circumstances of their manufacture are very exactly known. They fall into two great classes : (i) Black-figured : about 600-450 B.C. The earlier are those of bright red clay, with figures and ornaments in lustrous black glaze : the details of the design are often incised through the glaze into the red ground below ; and, in the earlier specimens, hair, embroidered draperies, &c., are indicated by lustreless white and purple-red laid on over the black glaze. The drawing always retains some of its earlier stiffness, but the best and latest specimens approach very nearly to the earliest of the style which follows. (2) Red-figured : about 500-200 B.C. In this class the figures and designs are left in the red clay, while the whole of the back- ground is covered with the black glaze. Details within the red are drawn in black, or occasionally in thin lustrous red : and white and purple-red additions are very rare. White reappears, however, along with the gilded details which are introduced in the fourth century. The style is at first archaic, but soon becomes free and mature (450-400 b. c.) and then rapidly degenerates, both in design and in execution : careless work, however, is not a certain proof of later date. It will be seen that for a short time the red- and black-figured styles were in vogue together ; so that where specimens of both are found, the group is fixed within very nirrow limits. Some allowance, however, must probably be made for the acquisition of vases early in the life of their owner ; and for the burial of heirlooms, though there is reason to believe that the latter custom was very rare. (3) Plain and Stamped Black-glazed Ware, occasionally left red at the bottom, comes into use about 550 b. c, and outlasts the red- figured vases ; but earlier and later examples can be distinguished by their shape and fabric. Some later specimens have moulded or modelled decorations in relief (C. ]\I. lyyiff.); others have patterns built up of impressions of palmette, lotos, and other elements, from stamps like those of a bookbinder (C. M. 1830 if). (4) White Lekythi (450-400 b. c), e.g. C. M. 1698.

The tomb-groups exhibited in the Museum, and described p. 173 ff-, sufficiently illustrate the method by which the chronology of the native pottery is established, and the lamentably slight degree of accuracy which is at i^resent attainable : so that it only remains to summarize the principal varieties, in the type collection which follows (p. 63 ff.). The dates are, as far as possible, qualified by localities ; for among so many independent

' There are other Proto-Corinthian vases in private possession in Limassol : Rho- dian fragment from Salamis (Brit. Mus.: J. H. S. xii. 312, fig. i h, cf. 136): Naukratite ware from Salamis J. H.S. xii. 141 ;, Amathus (1894, Brit.) : Corinthian (orientalizing) from A'ition (Cesn. Sal. p. 226, fig. 252), 7W/ (CEF. T. 29).

26 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

communiiies as existed in Cyprus, forms may easily have appeared earlier, or disappeared later, in one place than in another : and, in fact, whereas the uncontaminated geometrical style varies but little all over the island, the native art begins at once, when Hellenic importations become common, to pass to new forms and motives, and to split up into local schools.

Messrs. E. A. Gardner, J. A. R. Munro, and others believe that the geometrical and other Cypriote pottery often found in tombs together with glass vessels and Hellenistic and Roman bronzes and coins, is of the same age as the latter, and support ihcir view by the a priori consideration of the admitted conservatism of Cypriote culture. But it is probable that the frecjucncy of reburials has been underestimated, as was the case also for a while during the recent excavations at Amathus. The clue is given by undisturbed tombs like Amathus 240 (Brit. Mus.), where a distinct layer of earth intervenes between the Cypriote and Graeco- Roman interments; and these indisputable instances are rare\ though they were already recognized by 0-R. in the Poll excavations of 1886. The Tomb Groups from Kition (Turabi site, 1894 ; v. below, p. 177: detailed report in J. H. S. xvii) point to the same conclusion. Here the necropolis is less crowded, and reburials consequently less frequent. Graeco-Roman and Cypriote tombs, some of the latter very degenerate, occur side by side, and the impai?i/ed pottery forms a continuous series : but painted Cypriote vases were never found with glass vessels or coins ; except in one shaft (Nos. 31-37), whei-e the contents o{ four collapsed tombs, three of them Graeco-Roman, were found mixed together. Mr. H. B. Walters found jugs of red ware with opaque polychrome painting in Roman tombs at Kurion (1S95), but nothing with the umber paint on the light ground.

IV. THE HELLENISTIC AGE.

The conquest of Cyprus by Ptolemy I of Egypt, in 295 b. c, marks the completion of the process by which the island is brought into the main line of Greek civilization, and a point at which native Cypriote art seems to die out rapidly and completely. The chronology of the ' Hellen- istic Age,' which follows, is very obscure, for though Ptolemaic coins are found commonly in Cyprus, the practice of burying coins with the dead does not begin to be general till Roman Imperial times'-; besides which, the contents of Ptolemaic tombs, being usually of slight artistic value, have been but little sought after, and still less scientifically studied. Recent excavations at Kition (Larnaka) and at Idalion (Dali), to be published in detail elsewhere •'', confirm the impression given by the results from Amathus, and from Poll, so far as the latter are intelligible — (i) Painted Cypriote vessels disappear altogether early in the third century. (2) Certain forms of wine amphorae are typical of the latest tombs in which Cypriote vessels occur, and are themselves replaced by other types in the tombs in which coins are found. (3) Vessels of transparent blown-glass make their first appearance in the latter part of the Ptolemaic period, and replace pottery almost entirely in the Roman tombs. (4) Vessels of opaque variegated glass, cast on a sand core, which appear rarely in sixih-

^ In tombs like Poli 52. II, where a Graeco-Roman layer is found below a Cypriote layer, the later tomb has luidermincd the earlier.

^ Exceptions are Amathus 287 (British Museum) and Poli 41. II, whence the gold earrings, C. M. 4099 (KBH. p. 494) : roli, CEF. 40 (J. H. S. xii. 313), CEF. 70 (id.

■* Kition, J. H. S. xvii. Idalion, Tamassos und Idalion (forthcoming).

INTRODUCTION. 27

century tombs — {a) reappear along with the blown-glass, (5) are never found without it, and (c) degenerate in beauty and finish in later examples; while they are always distinguishable from the sixth-century fabric. (5) A complete change takes place in the style of goldsmith's work ; fine filagree and chased work disappearing altogether, and silver going almost wholly out of use. (6) Surface graves come into common use alongside of the rock-cut tombs, and are marked by sk/ae or gravestones. (7) The painted stelae, which are common at Amathus, seem to belong to the third century, and represent a local and transitory fashion. (8) The short

columnar cippi, with the formula XPHSTE XAIPE, which go on

into Roman times, seem to begin in the second century b.c.

CYPRIOTE SCULPTURE AND MODELLINGS

Representative Art is exemplified already in the Bronze Age by the ornaments modelled in relief upon vases, in the shape of trees, snakes, deer, and mouflon ; and in one case (in M. Konstantinides' coll.) of a human figure. INIiniature vases, trees, doves, cattle (C. M. 461), and human beings are also added in the round as accessories upon vases, tripods, and other utensils. Rude clay figurines also occur independently, and are of several types, (i) Flat^and more or less rectangular, like a board, which is their obvious prototype, with the features and limbs incised and filled with white, like the vases, and npjrace of foreign influence (CM. 462, KBH. p. 33, fig. 29 (Phoenichais, Brit. Mus.), Ixxxvi; cf xxxvi. Heuzey, Nos. 1-4). Relief ornament is occasionally found, (ii) Nude female figures . modelled in the round and related on the one hand to the leaden figure from Hissarlik (Schl. Ilios, fig. 226; Schuchh. fig. 60), to the marble figures of the Cyclades and Crete, and to the figurines of Mykenae and Central Europe ; and on the other, more closely, to the grosser and mainly later figurines and reliefs of the Syrian coast, which in their turn deter- mine the character of many Cypriote figurines of the next period. These round-modelled figures are again of two main forms with a tjiird non- descript series — {a) rude and exaggerated forms with bird-Hke faces, and often with enormous earrings which hang freely from perforated exten- sions'of the sides of the head ; unpainted, with details incised (C. M. 464 (Nikolides) cf. KBH. p. 34, fig. 32, xxxvii. 6 (Ag. Paraskevi); cf. same type frequently at Sinjirli) ^ [b) Much better modelled, though the face is still bird-like ; sometimes incised, but often ornamented with the^black and red paints which become characteristic of the earh; Graeco-Phoenician Age ^^K^ (specimen in Ashmolean Museum (Ag. Par.': Konst. coll.); sp. in Berlin '' (Ag. Par.), KBH. p. 34, figs. 31-33 spp.; Kurion, C.M.466, andBrit.Mus.). (c) A number of most inadequate and quite nondescript prototypes of what will be described as the ' snow-man ' technique of the next age. Here the main outlines of limbs an^eatiires are modelled with the fingers in coarse clay ; but eyes, ears, hair, ornaments, and other accessories are expressed by "the addition of separate morsels of clay, which often are not thoroughly incorporated, and are easily broken away, e. g. C. M. 463 : 5402, and ^- M. 5555, where a moulded face has been modified by the addition of a beard ; cf Heuzey, Nos. 28-56. (iii) Figures of oxen, well modelled,

' Cf. the admirable essay prefixed to the Cypriote section of M. Heuzey's ' Figurines Antiques du Louvre.'

''■ Cf. Tell-cl-Hesy ('Mound of Many Cities,' 1894, fig. in). Spp. in Brit. Mus., Fitzw. Mus., Ashm. Mus., and Liverpool Mus. (9/'3/y7/i2).

88 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

with long horns and projecting eyes^ The fabric is identical with that of the base-ring ware (No. I. 3. p. 37), e. g. CM. 467-9 : 3321.

Already in the Transitional Period, and probably in part at least under Mykenaean influences, this native Cypriote technique begins to acquire the rudiments of a characteristic style, with conventional types, poses, and canons of i)roportion and expression, which, though very susceptible of a series of foreign influences, maintains itself, in the inferior and more provincial work of each period, and does not wholly disappear until the IHolemaean Age.

It is worth noting that the style of native Karian statuettes from the neighbourhood of Halikarnassos and Theangela(to be described shortly in J. H. S. xvii) follows exactly the same canons, and is affected by the same I influences as that of the early Cypriote terracottas. It is marked by a realistic intention, which occasionally and in detail finds nearly adequate expression, but is usually hampered by an extreme barrenness of resource and inadequacy of execution. Hence, on the one hand, the tendency to emphasize and exaggerate features and attributes, by unduly studious and elaborate working ; on the other, to preserve what is at first sight an archaistic stiffness of pose and composition. Something must be allowed, however, for the inadequacy of the native materials. The pot-clays of Cyprus are for the most part either gritty, or adhesive from the presence of gypsum and magnesian minerals; and consequently incapable_of jieaHy fine modelling, either freehand or~in any but the simplest and shallowest moulds. Exception must of course be made here in favour of the finest and most careful work of all periods, and in jiarticular for a large and beautiful class of luirely Heljenic figurines of the fourth, third, and second centuries, most common at Poli and Larnaka.

The long narrow proportions of the earlier, and even much of the later sculpture, and their excessive shallowness from front to back, are largely due to the fact that the soft native limestone of which, in the absence of marble, they are universally made, splits naturally into slabs of not much more than ^sTx inches in thickness, and often very much less ; and tliese longitudinally, more readily than in the transverse direction: consequently all work has to be conceived in unduly low relief. Moreover, the fact that Cypriote sculptors never had the opportunity of working in marble is probably the reason why they never acquire an adequate chisel tech- nique, and depend so largely upon the use of the knife; which is appropriate •to the soft material, but always gives an archaic and exaggerated look.

Stone-sculpture, however, is hardly represented before the Assyrian 'conquests in the eighth and seventh centuries, when native kings, Greek settlers, and Phoenician merchants alike paid tribute to Sargon (704) and later to Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal ^^^d Cyprus was for the first time brought into direct political contact with the great powers of the mainland. The immediate and conspicuous result was the appearance.. of an Assyrian convention in Cypriote modelling, which, though it does not fundamentally or permanently modify the native canons, produces for the time a marked revolution in technique, and the treatment of details and accessories. The forms become fuller, the features definite and realistic, and the pose more forcible, while for the first time the drapery is treated as a distinct element, and elaborated with even

' Cf. the ej'es of the female figures of Type ii. a, l>.

* Stele of Sargon (Larnaka), in Berlin Museum. Cf. Menant, Annales des rois d'Assyrie, p. 208 ; Zeitschr. f. Aegypt. Spiache, ix. 68-72 ; Abh. Berl. Akad. 18S1.

INTRODUCTION. 29

excessive attention. The types of Cypriote armour become fixed about the same time, and under the same, mainly Assyrian, influences, and con- sequently the whole class of male warrior types, which are very frequent, retains the impress of this period most persistently {CM. 3147,5541-2).

The only examples of this style, of which even fragments remain in the Cyprus Museum, are tl;e collections of votive statues from Tamassos 6012 ff., Dali 5723 ff. (cf KBH. lii-liii), and Salamis 5801 flf. (the Toumba site; cf. J. H. S. xii. fig. 8, 9, PI. ix, x), all notable for the great size of their chcfs-d'ceuvre. The Colossos of Tamassos (C. M. 6016) must have been nearly 3m. in height. The Toumba statues retain rich colouring, which, though executed only in the customary black and red, with occasional white and very rare touches of yellow ', not only gives an unique idea of the design and the ornament of the costumes, but succeeds in rendering even the complexion of the flesh parts and the texture of the hair ; the latter, in a boldly conventional, but certainly effective manner, by the employment of incised lines, and impressions of various dies like those of a bookbinder. Cf. Heuzey, Nos 84-91 ; Brit. Mus. A. 59-70.

This Assyrian style might have had more permanent and far-reaching effects than it had, but that the accession of the twenty-sixth dynasty in Egypt, and the opening of ' treaty ports ' to Greek adventurers by Psammelichos and his successors, brought Cyprus at once within the full range of the influence of Egyptian art ; which modified the native style profoundly, in two main directions: —

(i) Stone figures at once become common, with foldless drapery, long narrow figure, stjff formal pose, and characteristic head-dress and cast of features. These, continue through the later seventh, and ihrough- oiit the sixth century; some, in fine white stone, are perhaps imports from Egypt, e.g. Amathus 91 (CM. 3076); but the great majority are of Cypriote stone.

The very striking likeness between these figures and those found at Naukratis leads to the vexed question of the relation of the Cypriote and the Naukralile schools. Cyprus certainly was now receiving much from Egypt, and could only receive it freely through Naukratis ; but it is difficult not to see a Cypriote element in much of the Naukratite work, and we have one probably historical case of the importation of a Cypriote statue to Naukratis (Athenaeus xv. 676) ; cf. KBH. ccxiv (parallel types). (2) About the same time, among the terracottas, the 'snow-man' technique and the Assyrian style, both of which are modelled freehand, begin to give way before the art newly introduced from Egypt, of pressing clay in a mould, a time- and labour-saving process which cer- tainly raises the general level of style, but tends very seriously to limit the range of composition, and to encourage the dissipation of energy in the elaboration of variants of a few fixed types. The capacities and also the limitations of the new art were fully — even too fully — appreciated in Cyprus ; and the earlier, almost purely Egyptian types (CM. 5544 ff.) were quickly adapted to native taste (e.g. C.AI. 3001 ff., 5258 ff., 5448 ff. ; cf. Heuzey, Nos. 57-63; 105-122). The older art of modelling, however, survived alongside of the new art of moulding, and, further, a large series of intermediates occurs, in which either (a) the whole figure is moulded, and accessories are added in plasiic pellets and ribbons, applied like the older relief ornament, and kneaded more or less firmly into the

' Statues from Tamassos (Warren Coll.) show green, as well as yellow.

30 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

mass (C. M. 3035, 5445; Heuzey, Nos. 64-81); (0) or else the outlines are modelled, and the head, or at least the face, is supplied, for greater precision of feature, from a mould (CM. 5503 ff. ; Heuzey, kos. 64-81).

Hellenic canons had already begun to affect the native style in the sixth century; the marble torso from Poli, 92 IP, may very well be actually Hellenic, and imported; but a well-marked type of sculpture in Cypriote limestone, and figurines in Cypriote clay, show unmistak- ably the upturned eyes, strong nose, prominent pointed chin, and conventional smile, which are characteristic throughout the Levant of Hellenic influenced

But the course of events in the island in the period of Persian aggres- sion excluded Cyprus from any close or continuous intercourse with the new and more progressive centres of Hellenic art. The balance of power which had long existed between Hellenic. Phoenician, and native kinglets, kept Cyprus disunited, and practically neutral, during the struggle between Hellas and Persia, and isolated during the great period of Hellenic art; for the Athenian campaigns in the Levant (460- 449 B.C.) were spasmodic and indecisive. Attic vases, at Poli, testify to the persistence, importance, and principal destination of the copper trade ; but even these were not widely imitated, and sculpture and figurines were hardly imported at all. We may know more when the Salamis of Onesilos and Evagoras has been explored ; at present, evidence prepon- derates from the miso-Hellenic Kition and Amathus ; of which the former superseded the latter politically in the fourth century, and even embraced Idalion in its sphere of influence ^. The Hellenic influence is most perceptible in the stone sculpture, and least among the figurines ; both votive and funerary terracottas seem to adhere to the traditional Egyptizing types and fabrics, which are frequently found associated even with imported Attic vases, and more nearly represent the Kinrpios xop«K7-i7p of Aeschylus *.

In the fourth century, and still more in the third and succeeding centuries, Cypriote sculpture, like all other departments of native art, falls, into inevitable decay, in proportion as Cyprus is brought back into the main current of Hellenism. The large series of statuettes from Voni, Idalion, and Tamassos contain a few works of tolerable elegance, but the majority are almost wholly worthless. The common use of red painty on the statues permitted, while it disguised, increased poorness of modelling, and, together with the growing inadequacy of the native material to the more ambitious models in vogue, prevented the formation of a really effective style ; and the substitution, in imitation of Hellenic sculptors, pf the chisel for the knife, completed the ruin. ,

The Only exceptions are the few statues already mentioned froin Voni._ (C. ]M. 5060-9)" and Idalion (C. M. 6200-9), and the small collection from Vitsada (C. M. 5991-7); these are wrought according to the better canons of the period, but just for this reason remain merely Hellenic, and exotic in Cyprus, though they are of Cypriote limestone and manufacture.

The native genius for the manipulation of clay turned Hellenic models

* Now in British Museum, Jnhrb. iii. 243; KBH. p. 361, xxvii. 3. Tomb Group dated by a coin of Salamis £;25-?oo B.C. (Six, Classement, p. 315).

=* E.g. C. M. 50o.:;-7 { I 'oni:'^ KBH. ccxv. i, 2); 5642 {/da/ion) cf. KBH. xiii. 3 {Idalion : = Berl. Mu's. Inv. 8015,382), xlv. i (Z?'w«/V/ : = Berl. Mus. T-C. 821 1, 108), xlviii. I {A'ilion] Berl. Mus. 'Ross Coll.'), ccix. 3 {Akhna, Brit. Mus.) ; cf. Heuzey, Nos. 1 23-1 31.

^ Tl Tuv ^oiviKan> apxh- Isokr. Evag. 198. * Aesch. Suppl. 279 ff.

INTRODUCTION. 3I

to better account. The portrait statues and statuettes which became popular in the fourth century at Poli and Vumo, and continued under the earlier Ptolemies (C. M. 3211-50), give scope for realistic treatment and attention to the details of portraiture. And at the same time a more idealistic school is represented by a small group of figurines, mainly from Kition, which are certainly Cypriote, but may be ranked at least with the average work of Tanagra and Myrina (C. M. 3055 flf. ; cf Heuzey, Nos. 132-265).

The debased Hellenistic representations of Eros, Harpokrates, Herakles and the like (C. M. 31 61 ff.), whether made in Cyprus (as is probable) or not, may be dismissed without comment.

The Principal Types and Motives of Sculpture and Figurines.

An adequate discussion of the symbolism and interpretation of the types of Cypriote sculpture and figurines would be beyond the purpose of this Catalogue : the best and most concise elsewhere is that prefixed to Heuzey's Figurines Antiques du Louvre. The following notes are only intended to explain the classification which has been adopted below.

The figurines which are found in Cyprus are almost without exception either votive o\ fimerary \ and the stone sculpture admits of the same classification, though in fact it is almost wholly votive.

Votive figures are found accumulated in sanctuaries, and represent (n) the deity to whom they are dedicated, under anthropomorphic types, in characteristic attitudes, and with characteristic attributes and emblems. In this class are included the figures of accessory deities, such as 'Adonis' and Herakles (e.g. C. M. 511 2 ff., 5136 ff. Voni).

(/3) The votary by ivhom they are dedicated ; usually in wholly con- ventional pose, engaged in characteristic acts of devotion or ritual ; especially in the act of supplication or orgiastic dance, playing appropriate instruments of music — double-flute, tambourine, or harp — or bringing offerings of flowers, birds, or young animals for sacrifice ; these generally stand in close relation to the corresponding attributes of the deity. Very rarely the portraiture of the votary is attempted, but far more frequently the conventional types approximate to those of the deity who is adored, or the deity is made in the likeness of the votary. The series of statues from Voni (5001 ff.) illustrates this confusion : the two extremes of the series are perfectly clear, but a large majority of the figures would stand indifferently for Apollo the Purifier, or for votaries like Gillikas (5009).

(y) The victijn or emblem, which the votary offers, or the deity accepts as sacrifice, or bears as attribute; usually a dove or a kid; Aphrodite favours the tortoise (C. M. 3277), Chthonic deities the ram (3337-9) or the pig (3329).

Funerary figures were made to be deposited with deceased persons in tombs : they either repeat the types of deity and votary, whereby the continuance of divine protecdon is invoked ; or, like the pottery and other associated objects, they represent the equipment provided by the survivors for the use of the deceased in the ' other world.' The principal types are —

(5) Portrait statues of the deceased, standing, seated, or recumbent, and engaged in the pursuits of daily life '. These are almost confined to

' Here there is probably a more or less unconscious imitation of the Egyptian custom of burving mnny 'doubles' of the deceased, to diminish the risk that the disembodied spirit (Iva) might find no outward counterpart on its return.

32 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

Poll (Marion) : but one head of the same style was found at Kurion (1S95, I5rit. ]Mus.). In the earlier tombs portraiture is unrecognizable, and this class merges in the next.

(e) Escort of companions, domestics, or bodyguard: including figures of women and children, and warriors, mounted or on foot. They represent probably a survival of the primitive practice of dispatching an actual escort of wife and slaves to accompany ilie deceased to the ' other workl.' The unmounted horses and the dogs are intermediate between this class and the next, namely —

{0 Provision of catUe, fowls, fruit, wine, &c., and of beasts of burden to carry them (e.g. the laden ass, C. M. 3331): the sacrificial or em- blematic animals occasionally found in tombs, e.g. the cock, swan, and tortoise of Poll 20 II (C. M. 3257-59-77), were intended, some as symbols of the deity, others to provide for the devotions of the deceased in the ' other world.'

[t]) Toys, trinkets, and heirlooms seem to be confined to late and Hellenized tombs; the motive for thtir deposit is the same as in the preceding classes : but often they are more properly regarded as of symbolic or votive significance.

GEM ENGRAVING.

The engraved stones found in Cyprus fall under the following heads: —

A. Cylindrical Seals. These appear to be confined to the Bronze Age: that found at Kurion (1895, Brit. Mus.) being no exception. The engraving is of several styles.

(a) Babylonian, with or without cuneiform inpcriptions. C. M. 4501.

(/3) Syro-Kappadokian (Hittite) : especially common in the [aler (Myke- naean) Bronze Age : indistinguishable from many specimens which are probably Cypriote.

(t) Cypriote : of which there are several distinct styles ; one strongly influenced by Syro-Kappadokian models: another by Mykenaean. The latter is found engraved on a black artificial paste, resembling haematite (Anal. Dr. Weeren, Technol. Hochschule, Charlottenburg).

B. Lenticular Seals (' Island Gems ') are only found as Mykenaean imports in the later Bronze Age, and are very rare, e.g. one in O-R.'s coll.: from Kurion (1895, Brit. Mus.) came a gem of flat late form, with fine Mykenaean engraving.

C. Conical, Pyramidal, Cubical, and Prismatic Seals. These begin in the Bronze Age, and continue into the Graeco-Phoenician, but disappear with the fibulae. The style is geometrical, and generally very coarsely executed. The material is usually steatite ; but finely-worked quartz and haematite occur, with sub-Mykenaean engraving.

D. Scarabs are found very rarely in the later Bronze Age, and in great numbers in the early Graeco-Phoenician, especially in the seventh-sixth centuries, after the establishment of the manufacture at Naukratis.

(a) Egyptian imports : often with hieroglyphic inscriptions.

(/3) Cypriote imitations : especially in a bright blue and very soft paste, seventh-sixth century, and in white porcelain with a poor yellowish- green glaze. The style varies from a close copy of Egyptian types, to a rendering of Cypriote motives in either a stiff and geometrical, or a free and naturalistic style — passing over into that of E. 7.

INTRODUCTION. 33

E. Scaraboids and scarabs in hard stone, usually sard and red carnelian. This class is closely related to the latest and finest specimens of the last. The engraving may be classified under three main styles, though these merge in one another. As many of the hard stones must have been imported, it is impossible in many cases to say whether the engraving on them is Cypriote or not.

(0) Phoenician (700-500 b. c). The name is given from the close likeness between these gems and those from Tharros in Sardinia, and from other known Phoenician sites. The style closely resembles that of the embossed metal bowls from Idalion, Amathus, Olympia, Praeneste, &c., and that of the finest Graeco-Phoenician paintings of ' sacred trees,' animals, and birds (p. 24) ; so the gems too may well be Graeco-Y\iO&vi\c\2ia.

(0) Hellejiic (600-400 B.C.). The finest of these gems are indistinguish- able from the contemporary gems of Hellas; but all intermediates occur between this and the Cypriote style \

(7) Cyprio/e gem-engraving follows Cypriote modelling closely, and like it is very susceptible of successive foreign influences, Assyrian, Egyptian, Phoenician, and Hellenic. It never outgrows its early stiffness, however, and consequently falls behind the contemporary style of Hellas in the fifth century. In the fourth and third it is completely superseded by Hellenistic work.

F. Hellenistic Gems : mostly imported, as the materials show (sard, carnelian, jasper, onyx) ; and in_great part from Ptolemaic Egypt. The work is occasionally fine, but generally rough and tasteless. The gems are either flat behind and before, or highly convex in front.

G. Late Conical Seals of quartz or chalcedony, of rude Oriental workmanship, with mystic representations, occur rarely in late Ptolemaic or Roman tombs; e.g. Larnaka (Turabi) 1894, 4 (Ashm. Mus.; J, H. S. xvii, fig. 11).

JEWELLERY.

The earliest jewellery goes back to the beginning of the Bronze Age ; for earrings are represented unmistakably on the necks of anthropo- morphic vases, e.g. C. M. 92 ; and on the later terracottas, e. g. C. M. 464. Xhe ornaments are first of copper and then of bronze; the commonest are spirals and open rings, and several types of pins for the hair and the garments. Silver appears in the middle or earlier part of the Bronze Age, and certainly before Mykenaean influences take effect. It is always largely alloyed with lead, and has a light-coloured and powdery rust, whereas that of the later refined silver is always dark and compact. The silver ornaments all copy the copper spirals and rings.

G.old does not seem to appear before the Mykenaean Age ; and, except on definitely Mykenaean sites like Salamis and Kurion, is very rare until the Graeco-Phoenician Age. The only objects from native tombs are cylinder-mounts, like C. M. 4501-2, from Ag. Paraskevi; a gold spiral from Ag. Paraskevi (Konstantinides' Coll.) ; and a pair of large rings, perhaps a child's bracelets, from Lambert! (1889, Berl. Mus.); and a few round hollow beads ; but to these must be added the Mykenaean gold work from Kurion (1895, Brit. Mus.) and Salamis (1896, id.)

Electron is also represented, rarely and late : the only instances are

* Some have Cypriote inscriptions: e.g. Meister, Gr. Dialekte (Kypr.), p. 176, No. 25 m.

O

34 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

a few thin plates and spirals of the Mykenaean Age ; an engraved ring of Babylonian style (KBH. cli. 35) bought at Psemmatismdno (Berlin: Liebermann Coll.) ; a ring with Egyptian hieroglyphic inscription, and other objects, from Salamis (Brii. INlus. 1896) ; and two pairs of earrings of Type c from the late Bronze Age necropolis of Nikolides (surreptitious, 1895, one pair in J. Pierides' Coll. : one pair at Nicosia).

In the Graeco-Phoenician Age gold, electron, silver, and bronze are in ^1 use from the beginning onwards. The development of the principal types is given in Plate VII and described in detail in the Catalogue, p. 121 ff.

The chronological development is ascertained, partly, as usual, from tomb deposits, which are treacherous, owing to the tendency of gold to work downwards b}' worm-action ; pardy by the comparison of ornaments represented on statues of known style and date : though the reverse identi- ficadon is more often possible.

To the Period of Fibulae the following are peculiar : —

(i) Thin gold plates with embossed ornament, sometimes supported by a bronze rim : probably to be worn on the breast.

e.g. KBH. cxcix. 3, Berl. Mus. {Kurmi, 0-R.); KBH. xxv. 10, 12, 13, Berl. Mus. {Amalhus (from Laniti Coll.) = Arch. Anz. vi. (1891), p. 126);

five unpublished, Brit. IMus. 6.30 [Amaihus, from Laniti Coll.); one

1-5 unpublished, Berl. Mus. {Idalion, 1894 ; v. ' Tamassos und Idalion') : one unpublished. South Kens. INlus.: one unpublished. Louvre (Salle A).

(2) Small circular gold leaves without ornament ; and pendent discs of more sohd gold, of the same ruddy tint, with concentric circles in relief (CM. 4377); the latter are frequently represented on statuettes, KBH.

1. I, 4, 5: 435/1883 {Kurion).

(3) Earrings of crescent-shape, ending in loops, which were fastened to the ear by a thread. Sometimes without ornament, KBH. clxxxii. 3 (the golden needle does not belong to the earring ; one such was found with the gold plate at Ktirioti); but generally with 'mulberry-shaped' ornament below (CM. 8003 (Tamassos), KBH. clxxxii. i), generally of deep red gold ; one known of electron or pale gold (0-R. Coll.). The same mode of fastening the earring was used in Egypt for glass earrings of Ptolemaic and Roman period; e.g. Turin Museum, No. 126.

(4) Gold fibulae of Type i (cf. Perrot, fig. 595, New York: Ashm. IMus. (two from Paphos) ; Brit. Mus., &c.).

In the Period of Greek Influence silver is far commoner than gold, especially in the sixth and early fifth centuries. This is probably to be /^, explained by the influx, partly of Spanish silver from newly established

Punic factories, for these cannot be traced back to an earlier date in Spain ; partly of Attic silver, which began to be extensively worked at the end of the sixth century. This pure silver is easily distinguishable from the silver-lead of the Bronze Age and early Iron Age (p. 33).

(i) The boat-shaped earrings, which begin in the Mykenaean period, become characteristic and frequent ; the swollen part is frequently marked off from the suspending wire by a pair of small collars, and carries pendants of various shapes ; the small pendant cube, with a sort of cage above it (C M. 8007), is apparently early ; and the hollow gold earrings covered with filagree-work (C IM. 4009) are probably confined to the fifth and early fourth centuries.

INTRODUCTION. 35

(2) The earrings with animals' heads, with the exception of Mykenaean forms from Salamis (pp. 184-6), seem to be limited to the fourth and early third centuries (Type I. d, C. M. 4015 ff.). "^

(3) The spirals of two, three, or as many as six turns become common in the sixth century, and disappear in the fourth ; in the later fifth they are made hollow, of bronze, heavily plated with gold, and provided with elaborate heads and tails embossed in thin gold : cloisonn^ enamel is introduced in their collars {Amathiis 256, Brit. Mus.). The purpose of these was long doubtful, but is fixed by statues Hke C. M. 5561 ; KBH. xlviii. 2, Iv. 7. (C. M. 4101 ff.)

(4) Open bracelets, hollow, and ending in rams' heads, were made in fifth-fourth centuries of silver, or of gold-plated bronze (C. M. 4251-9).

(5) The necklaces are of beads and pendants (vase, acorn, fly, sphinx, gorgoneion) of hollow gold, embossed ; of gold and red carnelian beads alternately ; and of broad fiat beads of silver, gold, or coloured porcelain, carried on two, or more parallel threads (C. M. 4351 ff-).

(6) Rings are common, especially of silver, either with large flat bezel (of which the engraving has usually disappeared), or with a swivel mount, containing a scarab or a scaraboid gem : red carnelian is characteristic. The gold rings are solid, with usually a narrow hoop. They either have a swivel or a fixed mount for the gem, often richly ornamented with filagree-work, or else the hoop is beaten out into a flat bezel, which is engraved.

In the Hellenistic (Ptolemaean mid Roman) Age silver rapidly goes out^ of use (probably because in the third century the Spanish silver was cliverted to Rome), and is superseded by mean and tasteless gold work. The following are characteristic : —

(i) Slight gold chains with alternate links of flat paste beads, and of perforated gold plates (CM. 4391 ff.).

(2) S^ajl gold rings with oval bezel inscribed enAPAOCOl in dotted letters (CM. 4155 ff.).

(3) Rings of hollow gold filled with sulphur, _swollen in front, and overlapping the stone, which is usually sard, garnet, or paste (C M. 4209 ff.).

(4) Earrings of types II. e-j, (p. 122), which supersede all the characteristic Cypriote types (C. M. 4034 ff.).

The Byzantine Age is represented in the Cyprus Museum by a remark- able find of jewellery from Ker^nia (C M. 4891-7).

Special notes on types of jewellery, and on the fabrics of pottery and glass, are prefixed to their respective sections of the Catalogue.

!k^

D 2

THE BRONZE AGE.

CATALOGUE OF POTTERY.

The general character of the indigenous pottery has been described above, p. 15-7. The following are the principal fabrics.

I. Unpainted Pottery.

I. Red Polished Ware. The clay is brownish or blackish, of more or less coarse texture ; turning red in firing, and capable of receiving a fine glossy surface, which, though in part due to the application of a^ne slip, was certainly jjroduced mainly by hand-polishing with \ burnishers of stone or horse-tooth, specimens of which have been found ; ai Kalopsida and elsewhere. Sometimes the surface is partly or wholly ' black instead of red ; which seems to be due to the action of the smoke during the firing (C. M. 75-84). The forms of this class of pottery are varied and characteristic : the commonest are (A) simple bowls, often of great size and furnished with spouts ; (B) globular bottles, with long neck, and one handle ; (C) cooking pots, often on three feet; (D) two-handled globular amphorae ; besides (E) composite and fantastic vases. The vessels seldom have even a distinct flat base, and never a foot or base- ring. The ornament is of three kinds : —

(a) Many early vases are plain, Avith only horns, breast-like warts, or projections from the body or handles.

(d) Incised lines are scratched deeply in the clay before firing, and often filled with a white chalky substance : the same method is used in the Bronze Age of Hissarlik, Hungary, and the Alpine lake-dwellings. The commonest motives are zigzags, wavy lines and gores, chequers, lozenges, network and basket-patterns ; concentric circles are also found, e. g. C. M. 63. The patterns are at first simple, and increase in elaboration as the period advances.

(f) ^(7/f/" ornament is applied in the form of ribbons and patches

of clay, which are covered by the red surface layer, and form chains,

ropes, buttons, and rings, and rude figures of trees, snakes, deer,

mouflon, and even men. IMiniature vases, trees, birds, and animals

are also occasionally added in the round, on the shoulders or rims

of vases (C. M. 44). Relief and incised ornaments are frequently

found together on the same vase.

Tombs and whole cemeteries exist, in which no pottery occurs except

this class: e.g. I^alopsida (site A), Alambra (' Mavra Ge' site), Psem-

matismeno, and most of the earthen tombs at Ag. Paraskevi. These

are apparently earlier than the mixed tombs ; but the red polished vases

continue throughout the period ; though the latest examples are very

inferior in modelling and in the glaze, which becomes thin, paint-like,

and unstable, as at Kalopsida (site B). The ' Red Wares ' (I. 4 : II. 3 :

p. 57-8) of the Graeco-Phoenician Age seem to replace this Bronze Age

fabric ; though no clear intermediates have yet been found.

CATALOGUE OF BRONZE AGE POTTERY. 37

2. Black Slip Ware. The clay is light-coloured and dusty, like that of the painted 'White Ware ' II. i below: but it is wholly covered \yith a thin greyish or blackish slip, which flakes and rubs off very easily, and is generally lustreless, though occasionally thicker and more nearly lustrous. The similar vessels with brownish or red slip are probably only varieties produced by over-firing.

The /brms resemble those of i, but are less varied; globular botdes, ojten very small, with slightly pinched lip and one handle, apH^ one-handled mugs, with cylindrical necks, are the commonest.. They suggest metallic and also leathern prototypes. The ornamen/, like that of i, may be classified as follows : —

(<?) P/afn vases are very rare.

(d) Incised ornament is common, especially the seam-like motive of a straight or wavyjine with a line of dots alternately on each side ■ ofit • • • • -• .

• • • •

(c) i?^'/^^/^ ornament is almost confined to similar straight or wavy lines, and has in some cases affinity with the characteristic motives of 3. Figures of plants or animals do not occur.

3. Base-Ring Ware.^ Tjie clay is dull brown or black, of fine granular texture, with a leathery surface, which may be either a fine slip or a poor glaze. The vessels have always a flat base^ and generally a distinct, and often a prominent base-ring or foot. The ornament is of three kinds, which correspond to slight diff'erences of fabric : —

{a) 7?^//^ ornament : the specimens with the finest slip have gores and pairs of horn-like scrolls in relief, like the seams of a leathern vessel, from which the motive is perhaps derived ; and often a distinct ring round the neck, at the point where the handle joins it, called hereinafter the handle-ridge).

(J)) /««W ornament very rarely (C. M. 260). {c) Pawied ornament : the_motives are derived wholly from basket- or^net-work, and are executed in dull white paint : the slip, in this class, is poor, blackish, or almost absent. Cf. a hand-made 'schnabelkanne ' on three short feet, of grey micaceous (local) clay, dark grey slip, and similar white painted ornament, brought from Upper Phrygia by J. A. R. Munro in 1894 (Ashm. Mus.). This ware is confined to the later Bronze Age, and does not appear ^

rnuch before the IMykenaean vases. Cf. sp. ' from Italy,' Camb. Fitzw.

Mus. (Leake Coll.); sp. 'from Hungary,' Zurich Mus. No. 4094; sp.

'from the Cyrenaica,' Sbvres, No. 4166*; 'from Tyre,' id. No. 1425.

Cf the pottery, very probably Cypriote, found at Tell-el-Hesy ( Petrie,

' Lachish,' PI. vii, fig. 115; viii, fig. 138, 141, 144, 147-9: Bliss, MMC.

PI. iv, 184) and at Kahun (Petrie, 'Illahun,' &c. PI. xiii. 31 ; xxvii. 14).

(C. M. 251-267.)

4. \yhite Ware with Base-Ring. The clay is white and full of dis- tinct sand- grains, baked very hard, and guite without slip. The vessels are very accurately modelled after wheel-made prototypes, but are clearly I hand-made; the typical forms are shallow plates, and deepeFbowl's with '^ verticar si(3es ; all seem to be suggested or modified by metallic forms. Cf vessel from Gurob (Petrie, ' Illahun,' PI. xix. 5). (C. M. 291-300.)

5. Black Punctured Ware. The clay is quite black throughout, without slip, but with slightly glossy"surrace when well preserved. The vases are usually small ju^s of a peculiar shape, with narrow neck, swollen

38 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

lip, and small solid foot (C. M. 281-288) ; one amphora from Lamberii, 1894, 45, No. 794. (Berl. Mus.)

The only ornament is oi punctured dots, either grouped in triangular patches, or distributed over the surface in lines or irregularly. This group in Cyprus was first determined at Kalopsida, where it is fairly common ; one specimen has since been found at Nikolides (Grave 6). It is well represented in the Fayum ('Illahun,' PI. i (Kahun, Xllth dynasty), (Brit. Mus.). Cf. a magnificent specimen with incised spiraTl, SciT'fined with white, in the Ashmolean INIuseum, bought in Egypt by Greville Chester ; also similar fabrics in the Libyan tombs at Ballas-Naqada, at Ciempozuelos in Spain, at Hissarlik, and at Butmir). The place of^ manufacture is uncertain.^ Cf. J. H. S. xvii. figs. 4, 5. (J. L. M.)

6. Straw-plait "Ware. Imitations in clay of straw-plait or wicker- work baskets or plates, such as arc siill commonly used by the Cypriote peasants. Rare, and unrepresented in Cyprus Museum. KBH. xxxv. 4 ; FT. 17-170:. Uesn. ' Salaminia,' p. 270.

7. Cypriote Bucchero Ware. The clay is black all through, and the earliest vases are without slip and hand-made (e.g. C. I\I. 1033): the commonest forms are the oenochoae and the krater : all are ribbed or fluted externally. The resemblance to the earliest ' Bucchero ' ware of Italy is noteworthy, and at present inexplicable ; but may be only casual. This fabric only appears in the latest Bronze Age tombs ; it is character- istic of the Transition, wliere it becomes wheel-made ; and merges in Type I. 2 of the Graeco-Phoenician Age (q.v.). For the ribbing, cf Hissarlik {Tlios, fig. 1374-6 : KBH. cxlviii. 2).

8. Wheel-made Ware. Red clay with brown or black slip, and glossy surface : there is no ornament : the vessels are of peculiar form, with flat foot or base-ring, and are certainly wheel-made. They have been only studied at Nikolides, 1894, in ^ate^ Bronze Age tombs. One specimen in the Ashmolean Museum {Cyp. 181), bought in Cyprus by Greville Chester, and two in British Museum (A 67-8), are of uncertain provenance. (C. M. 300(7.)

II. Painted Pottery.

1. White Ware. The clay is cream-coloured, of fine texture, but usually unpolished ; sometimes with a fine hard slip, which takes a slight polish. The clay is greenish when undcr-firedjreddish when over-fired. The commonest y2>/-?«.y are bowls with one h.wTre,"and small sausage- shaped or gbbular bottles, the latter often with long tubular spouts, and both with many projections perforated for suspension (hereinafier 'string- holes'), which become merely^ ornamental later, and are added alongside the regular handle (C. M. 306 ff".).

The_orfia?uent is in black paint, which turns red when over-fired, and rarely shows any trace of glaze. The commonest motives are groups of straight or wavy lines, and chevrons, chequers, or triangles filled with hatching or cross-hatching. Most of these motives are already met with in the incised ornaments of I. i, and are closely parallel with the geometrical motives of the earlier Mykenaean or Cycladic pottery, e.g. INIykenae (Grave II), Schuchh. fig. 209.

2. Polished White Ware (C. M. 411 ff".).

{a) Closely allied with the white ware (II. i) is a rare and later fabric probably influenced by Mykenaean techmquCj in which the clay is harder, andThe slip takes a lustrous polish ; the paint is always fired

CATALOGUE OF BRONZE AGE POTTERY. 39

bright red, is highly glazed, and stands above the surface Hke an ' en- gbbe.' The ornament always consists of bands of lattice or chequers. ,

{b) The yellow-brown ware with lustrous surface and brown paint, which is found at Phoenichais, is probably a variety of the preceding, and is in any case closely related to it. [None in Cyprus Museum.]

3. Black Glaze Ware. The clay is often like that of the white ware, but is completely covered with a good black glaze or lustrous paint. ^ On this are painted, in lustreless red paint, groups of short parallel lines, which seem to have been executed at a single stroke with a cluster of brushes. The motive is a common one in the incised ornament of I. I, and is closely paralleled on Libyan pottery from Ballas-Naqada. One-handled bottles and bowls are the only common forms; the class is found very rarely hitherto. (C. M. 401-2; Brit. Mus. A 134, sp. Hke 402 \)

4. White Slip Ware (' Hemispherical Bowls,' &c.). The clay is peculiarly blackish (red when over-fired) and gritty, with small white grains: it is worked very thin, and the finished vessels give a metallic ring when struck. The clay is entirely covered, inside and out, with a thick hard chalky slip, quite without lustre, except after long use, and absorbent like pipe-clay. Imitations of this very peculiar fabric occur in the white ware (II. i ), but may be always distinguished by the appearance of a broken surface, and by the teclmique of the decoration (C. INI. 305).

The ornament is in black paint, brown when laid on thin, and red when over-fired ; slightly lustrous in the best examples, and capable of fine manipulation on the absorbent slip.

The scheme of decoration seems intended to imitate the binding

and seams of a bowl of leather, cut out of a single piece in gores

connected at the base, A band, sometimes double, of lines

enclosing lattice-work, zigzags, lozenges, and lines of dots, runs

round the rim '; from this descend bands of similar motives, which

do not meet across the bottom : the handle is flat, triangular, and

notched at the end, and represents two slips of flexible wood sewn

into the rim at their one end, and bound together at the other.

The commonest form of this fabric is a hemispherical bowl ; but bottles,

and~Iarge vases with distinct foot and vertical sides, are also found. The ware

appears in late Br. Age tombs, and is frequently associated with Mykenaean

vases. Some forms are identical with the forms of the base-ring ware I. 3.

The place of manufacture has not been identified : but the fabric is

nowhere found so frequently, or so variously and elaborately executed, as

in Cyprus ; and there are geological reasons for believing that the_clay,

like that of the modern Phini pottery, is derived from the decomposition

of the crystalline rocks of Troodos and jNIakhaira. One of the

characteristic bowls, apparently not of a local make, was found in the

Pre-Mykenaean settlement at Thera", now in the French Archaeological

School at Athens; fragments have been found at Athens, Hissarlik",

Tell-el-Amarna^ and at Ttll-el-Hesy^ The ware has been described

repeatedly, but without reason, as ' Phoenician ^' Cf. the curious

' A fragment from Kurion fBrit. Mus. 1895), with black glaze and white spots, appears to be of an Aegean Cretan fabric. Cf. Petrie, ' Illahun,' PI. i; J. H. S. xi, PI. xiv (Brit. Mus.) ; Myres, ' Proc. Soc. Antiq.' ser. ii. vol. xv. pp. 351-6.

^ Myk. Vasen, xii. 80, p. 22.

3 Troja, 1893, p. loi, Fig. 50; cf. Schl. Coll. (Iterlia, Volkerk.), No. 8121,.

* Petrie, 'Tell-el-Amarna,' p. 17.

^ Petrie, 'Lachish,' PI. viii, 150-7,: Bliss, MMC. PI. 4, 181.

* E.g. Diimmler, Mitth. Ath. xi. (1886;, 233; Petrie, 'Lachish,' p. 45.

40 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

misinterpretation of a bowl as a lamp (!) in Benzingcr, * Hebraische Archaolof^ie,' fig. 125.

5. Mykenaean Vases. The clay is cream-coloured and very fine, with a comj)act ab:-orbent slip and slightly glossy surface : the vases are always wheel-made, of varied and characteristic forms ; the ornament of bands and grouj)S of lines is applied while they are on the wheel in black highly lustrous paint or glaze, which is red when over-fired. The finer specimens have conventional flower-motives on the shoulder, which degenerate, especially in Cyprus, into complicated schemes of triangular spaces filled with hatching and cross-hatching. A class, best represented from Cypriote sites, of large two-handled kralers on a high fool, has repre- sentations of trees, bulls, men, women, and chariots drawn by horses.

These vases were made in the neighbourhood of INlykenae and Corinth, in Rhodes, in Creie, and probably elsewhere also, by the representatives of a culture whose head-quarters were on the eastern coast of Greece (though they occupied part of the west coast also), and in the islands of the Archipelago, especially in Crete, but who had, so far as is known, no footing in Asia Minor, except in a settlement established over the ruins of the older cities at Hissarlik. They had settlements, in Cyprus at Kurion, which was traditionally an ' Argive ' colony (Hdt. v. 113); and at Salamis, where the necropolis was discovered in 1896. Their pottery, however, is found as far east as Egypt and Syria, and as far west as Sicily, and was so highly prized that native imitations are associated with it, almost wherever it is found (C. M. 430 ff.).

Native imitations, in the ' white ware' (II. i), are common in Cyprus, wherever the genuine vases are found in any numbers. They are easily distinguished from the imported vases by their softer, dustier clay, their inferior surface, their almost lustreless paint, and more crudely geometrical ornament : and by the fact that they are sometimes made by hand, not on the wheel. Mykenaean forms and motives pass over in force into Cypriote pottery of the transitional period, and largely determine the character of the early Graeco-Phoenician style (C. M. 432 ff. Cf. p. 185. T-G. 80.)

It is not yet certain that vases of the genuine Mykenaean fabric were made in Cyprus, but the recent excavations at Kurion and Salamis confirm the impression created by previous finds, that a^ local. school existed, to which the large kraters, as well as other groups of vases, may be referred : cf. 0-R. Miitk d. Anthrop. Gesellsch.z.Wien. xx. (N.S. x) 6-7, Nov., 1890.

The Bronze Age Pottery is catalogued below, i. according to Fabrics, ii. according to Forms within each fabric.

'O

ANALYSIS OF THE FORMS.

I. Unpainted Pottery.

1. Bed Polished Ware : (Black 75-87). 2. Black Slip Ware.

[N.B. — The forms characteristic of i and 2 are nearly the same, and are grouped together ; the fabric of each object or group of objects is indicated in italics.]

A. Bowls — Without handle: (a) 1, plain; (/y) 12, with spout. 20. With handle : (c) with long tubular spout ; {d) without spout. 41. With projecting ornaments on the rim (e).

B. Bottles, one-handled : body always more or less globular — 51. a. Neck cylindrical ; handle large.

CATALOGUE OF BRONZE AGE POTTERY. 4I

88. h. Neck taper: handle small : very large.

111. c. Neck wide : handle horned : body depressed. 120. d. Neck short, with lip. 126. e. Neck long : body depressed.

151. f. Neck short : body globular : string-hole handle : miniature. 161. g. Long open spout : ' Schnabelkanne.'

C. Tripod Cooking Vessels : coarse ware (180).

D. Amphorae : two-handled : body globular or depressed — 188. a. Neck plain.

194. h. Neck plain : small vertical handles.

199. c. Neck funnel-shaped, with projections on the rim.

203. d. Neck cylindrical and long.

E. Composite and Fantastic Vessels (207).

3. Base-Ring Ware— (1) Plain (251) ; (2) White Paint (271).

A. Bowls with horned handle. B. One-handled jugs.

4. White Base-Ring Ware (291).

A. Bowl. B. Lekythos. C. Krater.

5. Black Ware (281). \

6. Straw-plait Ware (not in C. M.). r Forms few and peculiar to

7. Cypriote Bucchero Ware (1033). i each fabric.

8. Wheel-made Ware (300 a). )

II. Painted Pottery.

The forms arise out of those already enumerated, with very few exceptions, e.g. White Ware, C. 'Flasks,' and D. 'Fantastic Vases.'

BRONZE AGE POTTERY.

I. Unpainted Pottery.

1. Red Polished Ware. 2. Black Slip Ware.

[N.B.— The forms of i and 2 are nearly the same. lj]ack slip ware is indicated bY^__after the number. ^ Refers to the Plate. of Typical Forms, PL II.; FT. to the ' P'ormen-Tafel ' of ' Tamassos und Idalion.' Numbers in brackets [ ]

were found on the objects in 1894: they seem to refer to a former MS. catalogue, now lost.]

A. Bowls — a. Plain.

l*-4. One string-hole on the rim. D. o-275-o-i4. (Cf. Brit. A 5:

Ashm. {Cj'p.) 1-2.) 2-3. [ = 5008-9.] Ag. Paraskevi, 1885. 5-6. Small projections on the rim. D. o-i 25-0-38. Cf. 41-3: Ashm. 3. 7*-ll. Elaborate incised ornament outside. D. o-i6-o-io. Cf. 82-84,

black variety. [Cf. Sandwith (Archaeologia, xlv.) PI. ix. 4 : Brit.

A 36-7: Ashm. 5-6.]

b. With spout^. Cf. Brit. A 2-3; Lou. A 72-3; Ashm. 13-17. 12-15. Trough-spout of semicircular section in the rim. D. o-4i-o-i52.

13-14. [ = 5003-7.] 13. Chain ornament in relief. KBH.cxlviii.5 a. 16*. Trough-spout from a circular hole in the side. [5016.] D. 0-135.

Cf. FT. 5. Brit. A 2 : Ashm. 15. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885.

42 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

17-19. Tubular spout with funnel-shaped rim. D.oi 1-0-43. 19. Incised ornament. FT. 9. Ashm. 16-7.

c. With long tubular spout, and one liandle opposite.

20-23*. Handle vertical (20-22. FT. 13) or horizontal (23*. [=1611]. [Cf. Sandwith, 1. c. ix. 6j). D. 0-12 -0-4 2. KBH. cxlviii. 2 b. Ashm. 18-20.

d. With handle but no spout.

24*-25, 24a. Shallow; long vertical handle. D. o-io5-o-o53. Cf.

]^ou. A 75. 26*. Rude spoon with solid tapering handle, jiicrced at the end. D. 0-075.

FT. 18. Cf. Ashm. 8: Diimmler, Mitth. Ath. xi, Beilage i. 8. 27*-29. Horizontal handle (cf. 23). D. 0-45-0-10. Cf. Brit. A 6. 30*, 32-34, 37. Horizontal handle, horned. D. o-i4-o-i37. FT. 25, 25a.

Ashm. 9-12. 35*-36. Vide under 266 ff. ' Base-Ring Ware.' 31. Slightly pinched lip in front. D. o-ii.

38. Bowl nearly spherical : distinct rim : vertical handle. D. 0-5. 30. Similar : soft black glossy ware. Cf. 281-288. D. o-io. 40 1. Small bowl like 2. D. o-io.

e. Bowls with projecting ornameiits on rim. Cf. 5-6. Brit. A 4.

41-43. Groups of small projections. 41-42. One string-hole. D. 0-9-0-12.

43. Horizontal handle : chain ornament. 44*. Conical bowl : foot broken : two small cups and two birds stand

alternately on the rim. D. 0-15. [Chroniques, p. 189 : KBH. cxlix.

15 : Diimmler, I.e. iii. 5. FT. 39.] Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, i. 7.

B. Bottles — a. Globular or pear-shaped : long cylindrical iieck with rim: one handle froyn the shoulder to middle point of the neck. All ''red ware.' FT. 47-51. 55- 51*. Plain. H. 0-27. Cf. ^/7/. A 1 1 .

52. Horned handle : relief lines on neck, and wavy line on shoulder. H. 0-21. Cf. Brit. A 38.

53. Twisted handle : bosses on neck and relief-ring in front. H. 0-23.

54. Strainer of three holes in neck : incised zigzags. [1998.] H. 0-235. Katydata-Linu^ 1883. Cf. .^4 .$•/;;;/. no.

55*-56. A long spout rises in front of the body: incised zigzags. H. 0-18- 0.15. 56. [=1938]. Cf. FT. 45.

57. Pointed below: rough work. H. 0-19. Kalopsida, 32.

58. Distinct spike below: rough work. H. 0-155. Cf. Ashm. 56. Kalopsida, i.

59. Nipple-like spike below : globular body : incised zigzags. H. o-io.

60. Egg-shaped body: incised network with circles. H. 0-17. Katy- data-Linu, 1883.

61*. Handle from shoulder to rim : a horn in front : incised. H. 0-172.

62. Broad rim : incised zigzags in front. H. 0-26. Cf. Brit. A 39.

63-72. Small fine specimens: handle from rim : various incised ornaments. H. 0-18-0-105. 63* has concentric circles incised. Cf. Ashm. 44-7: FT. 80: Brit. A 19, 20, 40-5, 49: Ashm. 31-49: Lou. A 27: St. Gertnain, 14705, 18088.

73. Horned handle and string-hole in front. H. 0-169.

74. No handle : incised gores, plain and zigzag. H. 0-175.

CATALOGUE OF BRONZE AGE POTTERY. 43

A variety of Red Ware more or less completely blackefied in firing, and highly polished. Cf. 236 : Ashm. 5, 50.

75-80. Small handleless bottles: bands of incised ornament; well polished. *75. Quite black. FT. 43. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, ii. 20. 76-80. Upper part only. H, o-i45-o-95. FT. 42. Cf. Brit. A 50.

81. Similar, with two necks, and a projection in front. H. 0-135.

KBH. clxix. 6 d. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, ii. 10.

82. Plain bowl (cf. 7-1 1) similarly blackened inside, outside red with

incised ornament. H. o-o65. Cf. Ashm. 5. 83-84. Very fine specimens, blackened throughout. 83. H. o-o8i. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885. 84. [ = 5012]. H. 0-065.

85-87. Small one-handled bottles like the preceding, incised but un- polished ; late specimens of the incised red ware influenced by style I. 3. (Cf. 259, 276.)

b. Long taperifig neck and small handle: very large, globular or pear-shaped. All ' red ware.' FT. 52, 53.

88. Plain. H. 0-37.

89. String-hole in front of neck : incised zigzags. H. 0-395.

90. Horned handle : radiating chain ornaments on shoulder. H. 0-49. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885.

91*. Snake ornament in relief on neck. H. 0-43. Cf. Ashm. 51.

92,* Horned handle rising above rim : string-holes on neck and an ear- ring on each side of the lip : incised lines : clay (cf. 85-87): form (cf. 126). A painted vase, like 343, with similar earrings was found in Agia Paraskevi, 1894, 10 (Ash. Mus.) ; cf. KBH. ccxvi. 21, 22. FT. 84. H. 0-325 (Mitth. Ath. xi, Beilage ii. 9).

Laksha (Diimmler, 1885).

93. Like 91. Crescents, bosses, and zigzags in relief. H. 0-40. Ag.

Paraskevi, 1885.

94. Spout in front like 56-57 : plain. PI. 0-295.

95. Angular body on three feet : tubular spout in front, dull red clay and incised zigzags like 85-87. H. 0-24.

N.B. — Perhaps modern, from potteries at Phini ; but very close to ancient technique. 96-100. Fragments of bottles, like 90 ff., with snakes, deer, and other ornaments in relief. 96. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, ii.

c. Long ivide cylindrical neck, depressed body, and horned handle. FT. 74 a, c. "Brit. A 17, cf. A 14-6 : Ashm. 102-3.

lllt*-114t. Incised straightand zigzag bands. H. 0-225-0-105. 112. Red,

over-fired. 113. [=1768]. 114. [=1553]. 115-116. Red ware : similar, plain. H. o-i55-o-i3. 116. [=1541]. 117t. Flatter form. H. o-ii.

118t*. Seam ornament -^-r^-r-r • H. 0-7. Cf. FT. 74. 119t. Loop handle in front. H. 0-85. Ag. Paraskevi, 1884, 7.

d. Short neck with lip.

120t-125t. Chains, seams, zigzags, and plain. H. 0-235-0-1 13. CI Brit.

A 52. 125. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, ii. 88. 120at. Red slip: lines and button-ornament in relief. 125 at. Narrower form : incised ornament only. Ta7nassos i^Lambcrti) ■^o.

e. Long neck, depressed body. Cf. Ashm. 105.

126t*-127t. String-holes on neck : incised ornament. H. 0-355-0-166

44 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

128-139. Similar types in various coarse fabrics. H. o-o75-o-i2.

139 a. Larger neck : handle rising above rim : polished red ware. FT. 65.

140-145, 147. One-handled drinking cups: (^arse brown clay. II. 012-

•08. 147. 7\viiassos. FT. 59, 62, CI B'n't. K 10-12. 146. Neck taper; lip slightly pinched. H. o-ii. Katydaia-Linu, 1883.

f. Short neck, globular body: string-Jiole for handle. FT. 58. Brit.

A 53-6.

151*-160. Relief and incised ornament. H. 01 0-0-05. 160- Has a handle. FT. 88.

g. Long open spout {Schnabelkanne\ : globular body. FT. 85-9.

161. Spout rudimentary. H. 0-20. Cf. FT. 62.

162-163. Spout short and broad. H. 0-2 15-0- 17. Cf. FT. 89 : Ashm. 71.

164. Spout short, pointed base : coarse clay. Kalopsida. H. 0-185.

165. Spout long, narrow, and upright. H. 0-18. Cf. FT. 86 : Brit. A 21-2 : Ashm. 75.

166. Spout projecting forwards. H. 0-245. Tamassos.

167-168. Spout curved backwards. H. 0-155-0- 165. Cf. Lou. A 24 : St. G. 23447: Ashm. 77.

169. Spout short: large body. H. 0-30.

170. Pointed base: coarse. H. 0-26. CL Ashm. 79: Kalopsida, 18. 171*. Like 166 : elaborate incised ornament. H. 0-265.

172. Like 167: string-holes on neck. H. 0-20. Cf. Ashm. 73. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, ii. 35.

173. Two necks with twisted handles : string-holes and rope ornament. H. 0-17.

174-176. Small coarse specimens like the preceding types. H. 0-14- ^0-12. Cf. Ashm. 80.

177. With tubular spout issuing upwards in front. H. o- 1 4. KBH. clxviii. 5. c: Dihnmler, 1. c. ii. 4:= FT. 100.

178. Small coarse specimen with pointed base. H. 0-12. Kalopsida, 11.

179. Horned handle : three string-holes round neck, Ta??iassos, Lam- berti, 14.

179 a. Incised ornament.

C. Cooking Vessfxs: of coarse clay, with three feet. Cf. Brit. A 9, 13 : Ashm. 22 : I^ou. A 16.

180. Rude and heavy : four vertically perforated projections near the brim secured a perforated flat cover. H. 0-29. Diimmler, I.e. i. 5 : KBH. clxxi. i4 = FT. 61. Ag. Paraskevi {Cylinder Grave).

181-183. Round body : wide funnel-shaped neck : two vertical handles.

H. 0-23-0-15. 181. Katydata-Linu, 1883 = FT. 60. 182. Ag.

Paraskevi, i8S^. KBH. cxlvii. 2 : Diimmler, 1. c. 183. Tamassos. 184*. Two joined together, with a common handle at one side. H. 0-14.

Tamassos. 185. One of three similarly joined: broken. Tamassos. 186-187. Like 181-183: but without feet. =FT. 59. CL Brit. A 8,

12. Ag. Paraskevi.

D. Amphorae: two-handled: body globular or depressed.

a. AWk plain and cylindrical. All 'red ware.' CL Ash?n. 70 if. 188. Neckverylow: handles small. LI. 0-13. Ag. Paraskevi, i88^,i\. 5^.

CATALOGUE OF BRONZE AGE POTTERY. 45

189-190. Neck very high and expanding. H. o-i5-o-ir. 191-192. Small rude pots : handles very small. H. o-oG'j-o-o'ji. 193. Finer ware : incised zigzags. H. 0-075.

d. Neck cylindrical : two small vertical handles. FT. 104 : KBH. clxviii. 4 a.

194-195. Rope ornament. 194*. Also buttons in relief. H. o-325-o-i5.

196. Two rings in relief on each side : handles very small. H. 0-25. 196 a. Deer, &c., in relief: fragmentary.

197. Incised chequers, and rings in relief. H. 0-30.

198. Incised lines and semicircles : no handles. H. 0-235.

c. Neck funnel- shaped, with four projections like battlements on the rim : handles cut from a flat plate, set horizontally and rising outwards.

199. Incised triangles, alternately plain and hatched. Cf. Brit. A 47. 200*-201. Incised hatched zigzags, and lozenges or triangles. H.

0-23-0-3I = FT. 115a. Dummler, I.e. ii. 10. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, i. 12. 202. Incised hatched chequers and lozenges. H. 0-235.

d. Neck long and cylindrical, like ii\ ff.: two s??iall horned handles at base of neck. Cf. Sandwith, I.e. ix. 2 (Black Slip Ware). FT. 105. Cf. Brit. A 28-9, 31, 48.

203t-205t. Over-fired red : incised plain and zigzag bands. H.

0-23-0-30. KBH. clii. 3. 204*. A row of buttons down back and

front [1952]. 205. Tamassos (Lamberti), 29. 206*. Like 194, but with horizontal handles. H. 0-17. =FT. 116.

Cf. Brit. A 30.

E. Composite and Fantastic Forms.

207. Flask : sausage-shaped (elliptical cross-section), with four pairs of

string-holes on its edge. Polished red, blackened. 20^1^. Flask : large handle on one side and three small string-holes round

the wide-rimmed neck : black slip ware : chain ornament and gores

in relief. Cf. Brit. A 27. 211. Flask : small, \\ iih standing base and string-holes : dull red ware :

incised seam ornament. Cf. Brit. A 25-6. 213*. Flask : one handle from lip to shoulder and six projections round

the edge: incised zigzags: dull brown ware. Ag. Paraskevi,

1894, 10. 215*. Vessel in shape of a quadruped : spindle-shaped body, neck at one

end with long narrow spout and handle above : fine polished red

ware [5036]. KBH. clxx. 10. Dummler, Mitth. xi, Beilage i. 6.

Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, ii. 217. Bowl with remains of a handle passing from one side of the rim to

the other : black slip. 219. Two bowls joined by an upright loop handle: red ware [5035].

KBH. cxlviii. i o. Cf. Dummler, I.e. iii. i = FT. 1 3 1 . Ag. Paraskevi,

1885.

221. Two bowls joined : handle broken : red ware. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, ii. 9.

222. Three similarly joined : coarse clay. Katydata-Linu, i^^^^.

223. Three globular bodies with long necks uniting in one spout, like

46 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

165 ff . : one handle on the common neck: fine polished red ware [5025]. H. 01 3. KBH. cxliii. 8 =FT. 122. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, ii. 10.

224. Cylindrical pot with two perforations for suspension : dull red ware like 211 : incised ornament. Ag. Paraskevi, Tomb Group i.

225. Ring, supported on four tall feet, carrying a horned cup over each foot, and a bird and a tree alternately in the intervals. H. 0-2 7 5. KBH. cxlix. 15 e: Dummler, I.e. iii. i =FT. 140. Ag. Para- skevi, 1885, i. 12.

226. Fragment of similar ring : one of the four-horned cups.

227. Small ring without feet, carrying three plain cups. KBH. cxlviii. 10. = FT. 137. Ag. Paraskevi, 1884.

229. Thick flat plate of red polished clay, bent at a right angle : the inner surface has a raised rim, and one half is divided by ridges into four panels : mutilated at this end. H. 0-20 (approx.). Kalopsida, e^.

230*. Oval vessel with two pairs of holes in rim to fasten the cover: incised ornament: fine red polished ware. Mus. Rep. i. p. 25. CL FT. 142. Brit. A 51. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, i. 12.

231. Lid : cf. 230 : square, with central handle and one perforation for string : similar ware and ornament.

233. Lid round with two perforations: ornament of squares and triangles. Ag. Paraskevi, 1894, 10 {Tomb Group, p. 55).

234. Similar : coarse clay.

236. Similar: incised ornament : red ware, partly blackened, cf. 76-82. Ag. Paraskevi, 1884, 3.

3. Base-Ring Ware.

A. Plain dark slip : ornament in relief.

a. One-hajidled Jugs ajtd Bottles : globular body and j^at base .; long tapering neck ivith funnel-shaped ritn ; one handle from shoulder to middle of neck, where there is a ^handle-ridge!

251. No base-ring. H. 0-135. Cf. Brit. A 61. Ag. Paraskevi, 1894, 10.

252.^'' Two joined together, on conical bases. H. o-io. =FT. 121. Ag.

Paraskevi {Cylinder Grave, p. 55). Cf. Brit. A 58 and spp. fr. Egypt :

S. Kens. ^^ ; Lou. A 78 : Fitzw. No. 2 : Ashm. 117. Cf. 'Illahun,' 1876 ' '

PI. xxvii. 14 (Maket Tomb). 253-254. Single: in front, a pair of horn-like scrolls, in relief. H. o-ii. 255-256. Vertical gores, in relief. H. 0-15. 255. =FT. 165. Ag.

Paraskevi {Cylinder Grave). Cf. Lou. 85 : Si. G. 19965 : Ashm. 119. 255* a. Snake ornament, in relief [5028]. Cf. FT. 165^; Sandwith,

1. c. ix. 3 : Brit. (323 Warren) A 66 : Ashm. 1 16. 257-258. Two gores down front, and cross-hatching (257). H. o-i3-o-i7. 259. 'Slightly pinched lip. N. B. Imitation in coarse red clay. Cf.

Ashm. 1 3 1-3. 260*. Narrow conical jug, slanting backwards on flat base : one handle

behind: ?«mf</ bands and lattice-lozenges. H. 0-21. =FT. 148.

Cf Lou. A 21. Ag. Paraskevi {Cylinder Grave).

261*. Fantastic vase with ovoid body, high on base-ring : and two necks,

one open, the other ending in a horned head (cf.Figurines,C.M. 467-9,

3321): from neck to neck a strap-like handle. KBH. ccxvi. 29:

Dummler, I.e. ii. 14. FT. 159. Katydata-Linu.

CATALOGUE OF BRONZE AGE POTTERY. 47

270*. Pear-shaped, on high base-ring : long wide cylindrical neck with expanded rim : broad handle from middle point of neck. H. 0-28. Cf. FT. 166 : Ashm. 122 = J. H. S. xvii. fig. 7, 8. Laksha in Riu, 4.

b. BozvIs,/imnel-shaped, on base-7-mg,,with upright rim, horned handle, and often gores in relief outside. Cf FT. 28 : Brit. A 63 : Ashm. \\\-2: Lou. K "ji.

266*. 0.0-148. Ag. Paraskevi {Cylinder Grave).

267. 0.0-148. Laksha, 4. 35. D. 0-14. 36. D. o-io. Ash7n. i\i-2.

B. Slightly lustrous slip : basket-work in lustreless white .

Paint. Cf lUahun, PI. xiii. 31 ; FT. 171 : Brit. A 121 : Ashm. 126-9.

271-274. Like 270. H. o-26-o-24. Laksha tu Riu, 4. 275-277. Like 251 flf. H.o-i3-o-i5. 276. [ = 724]. 277*. Brown sHp. Laksha tu Riu, 4. Cf Lou. A 82.

4. White Ware with Base-Ring : no Slip. sV^*^ ')> , tvt^» t>-Lt^ 7^v»^-l

291*. Lekythos, tall, with flat shoulder. H. o-io. Cf Ashm. 146:

Kalopsida, 1 1 . 293*. Krater : low neck : two vertical handles from rim to shoulder.

Ashm. 143. Laksha tu Liiu, 4. 294*. Oenocho^e : coarse heavy ware : pinched lip. Laksha tu Riu, 4.

Cf Ashm. 144. 296*. Bowl : sloping sides : thick rim : one string-hole. D. 0-233.

Ashm. 141. Kalopsida, 11. 297*-299. Bowl; distinct upright concave sides: flatbase. 0.0-205-0-216.

Cf FT. 16 (Soliais). Ashm. 142 (with one handle).

5. Black Ware. CL Brit. K'j'^-j^: Ashm. 151-9.

281-283*. Lekythos : punctured ornament. CfFT. 180. H. 0-12-0-09.

Kalopsida, 11. 286-288. Lekythos: ovoid, finer slip, plain. H. 0-105. 286. [=1559].

Ag. Paraskevi, 1884, 7. Cf spp. from Kalopsida 11 (Ash. Mus.),

J. H. S. xvii. fig. 4, and Murray, Hdbk. of Gk. Archaeology, p. 10,

PI. i. 3. 39. Bowl like 38 [q. v.] : soft black glossy ware like 281-288. D. o-io.

7. Cypriote Bucehero Ware.

1033*. Oenochoae : wide reUef gores : hand-made. FT. 179. Katyda/a- Li7iu, 1883. Cf S. Ke7is. 257/1883 (Kurion : krater): Lou. K 2^2,-

8. Wheel-made Ware.

300*. Spindle-shaped vase with narrow neck and one handle : flat foot. Cf lllahun, PL xxvii. 18 (Maket Tomb) : Brit. 67-8: Ashm. 181 : KBH. cxxxvii. 5 a. FT. 172. Nikolides, 1894.

II. Painted Pottery.

Fabric II. 4. White chalky slip on dark granular ware: black paint (red when over-fired).

A. LI emi spherical Bowls, with 07ie horizontal hor7ied ha7idle. Cf. Brit. C 5-6 : Lou. A 45-6.

301* -303.^ Typical ornament of seams and lattice: double band on rim from which seam-stripes pass downwards, but do not meet across

48 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

l^e bottom. D, o-i 5-0-20. Laksha in Riu, 4. Cf. specimens in Tomb Group, p. 58; cf. Ashm. 291-2: and in the Tomb Groups Jrom Ktirion, p. 181. 304; Elaborate ornament of chequers. D. 0-035. Cf. FT. 34.

305. Imitation of the above in dusty cream-coloured ' white ware' (II. i), very small and shallow. Cf. sp. from Laksha tu Riii, 4 (Ash. Mus.), J. H. S. xvii. fig. 7, 12. Cf. Sandwith, 1. c. x. 2 [shigle rim-pattern).

B. Jugs, Bottles, 4'c- \_^o^ represented in Cypr. Mus. Cf. Brit. C 11-15 : Ashm. 201 ff. : St. G. 21518.].

Fabric II. 1. White Ware.

A. Bowls : flattened below: distinct rim, and one horned handle : broad side-band 0/ linear ornament: characteristic bands across bottom.

306. Fine example, strongly influenced by style of 301-304. D. 0-13. Brit. C 30.

307*-310. Chevrons and hatched triangles or lozenges (310). D,o-ir--o8. 311*. Nearly spherical: incurved rim: basket pattern. 0.0-073. Mil Mill I

Cf. FT. 30. iiiiliilli ~

312. Hemispherical : seven string-holes on handle : chevrons. Tamassos

{Lambcrti), 1889, 31. 313-317. Plain handle. D. 0-137-0-068. 317. Lip slightly pinched in

front. 318. Fragment of similar bowl, with tubular spout like C. M. 17. 319-321. Widi trough-spout like C. ]\I. 12-13: black slip outside:

border and bottom-ornament, inside. Kalopsida, 23. 322. Hatched triangles : bottom ornament, one string-hole. D. 0-165. 323-326. 'No handle: slight rim, wavy hues, &c. 326.*""H. 0-07. Ag.

Paraskevi, 1884, 7.

327. Small pot with vertical handle : similar. Cf. Lou. A 36.

328. Bowl with nearly vertical slightly concave sides, and vertical

handle : basket pattern ^^^^^^^ of straight and wavy lines.

329*. Deep bowl with standing base and bow handle from one side of the rim to the other : deep border of chevrons and cross-hatched triangles : characteristic bands modified, below. H. o-i6. FT. 177a.

B. One-handled Jugs and Bottles. FT. 81, 83, 84.

331*-333. Globular : wide cylindrical neck : expanding rim perforate for suspension: no handle. H. 0-18-0-075-0-13. Kalopsida, 11.

334-335. Like 11 5-1 16: wavy lines and chevrons. Horned handle. H. 0-14-0-185. Cf. Brit. C 33.

336-341. Painted longitudinal gores : plain handle. H. 0-08-0-20. 336."^ Pinched lip.

342. Like 162 : short broad spout. H. 0-14.

343. Like 126: friezes of chevrons, &c. H. 0-25.

344*-345. Long narrow neck : two string-holes in front : longitudinal panels of chequers and lattice (cf. 348). 344. H. 0-15. Tamassos (Khomazudia), 3. 345. H. 0-18. Laksha tu Riu, 5.

346*-355. Globular Schnabclkanne: narrow neck: broad shallow spout: handle sometimes reduced to a string-hole : triangles, chevrons, lattice and basket panels. H. 0-15-0-105. Cf. Sandwith, I.e. ix. 8. Cf. Brit. C 45 : Ashm. 232 fi". : Lou. A 33 : St. G. 31291.

CATALOGUE OF BRONZE AGE POTTERY. 49

356-357. Body depressed: neck at one side: loop handle in centre

above: lattice above, 'bottom ornament' below. H. 0-07 5-0- 122

FT. 98. Cf. Brit. C 50; St. G. 23442. 358-359. Symmetrical : wider neck : finely drawn panels and lozenges.

H. 0.12-0-075. 360*-364. Spout tubular, with a wide opening in upper side: often on.

three feet. H. o- 1 5-0- 1 2 . 360. Laksha tu Riu, i . 361. Tamassos

{Lamberti). Cf. FT. 97-99: Btit. C 48-9: Ashm. 236 flf.: Lou.

A 32, 40-1. 364-365. Three (364; =FT. 125), or two (365) buch bodies one above

another. "TI. 0.155-0.115. Cf. Brzt. C 61.

366. Two bodies side by side, with a common neck. H. o-i.

C. Flasks, sausage-shaped : flattened bodies : small neck at one end, with string-hole or small handle. FT. 94.

367. Neck has spout and two string-holes. Pattern like 31 1. H. 0-16. 368*-380. Neck plain : longitudinal ornament. (577-378 globular.)

H. 0-65-0.135. Cf. Brit. C 55-7; Ash?n. 241 ff.; Lou. A 95. 381. Pointed beloAV. 382*-384. With distinct foot and many string-holes. H. 0-20-0-12.

Cf. FT. 95 <5.

D. Fantastic Vases : same techftique and ornaments.

385. In the form of a hollow ring : neck in the same plane : one small handle. Cf. FT. 138.

386. In the form of a hollow ring : the neck rises above the ring : loop handle across. Cf. Libyan and Pioto-Corinthian forms: Brit. C 64-5: L.OU. A 47: Schl. 'Ilios,' fig. 1392. H. 0-032. =FT. 136.

- Cf. Diimmler, I.e. i. 9. Ag. Paraskevi^ 1894, 10.

387. Fish-shaped: plain spout for head: two perforated fins. [697.] KBH. clvii. 2. = FT. 161. Lapithos.

388-389. Animal-shaped. H. 0-055, Cf.^J/^w. 247-50. Ag.Paraskevi, 1885.

400. Pear-shaped, on foot : coarse clay, red painted 7|f ; part of a com- posite vase. H. 0-12. =FT. 126 a. Ag. Paraskevi, 1884, 7.

401-402. Vide below, Fabric II. 3.

Fabric II. 2. Polished White "Ware with lustrous Red Paint.

Bnt. C 65. "■

411, Three globular bowls, joined in line, on small feet, with one tall

horned handle. KBH. clxx. 9 c. =FT. 132. Ag. Paraskevi, iS^^,ll. 412*-413. Globular body ; wide cylindiical neck : two small handles on

shoulder. [1608,1612.] H. 0-155. KBH. clxx. 10 a. =FT. 114.

Ag. Paraskevi, 1884. 414. Coarse lustreless imitation of 412-413. H. 0-103. 415?f'Like 336 flf. : strainer in mouth: lattice gores. KBH. clxx. 10.

= FT. 93. Ag. Paraskevi.

416. Like 163 : on three feet. H. 0-183. Ag. Paraskevi, 1 884-1 885.

417. Same fabric. H. 0-13.

Fabric II. 3. Black Slip on "White "Ware : lustreless Red Paint.

401. Bowl like 27 fF. [1570]. D. 0-134, 402. Jug like 340 [1590]. H. 0-19. Cf. Bnt. A. 134.

£

50 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

/

5. Mykenaean Fabric : {a) Getiuine imported vases. Cf. Brit. A 321-7.

430. BiigelkanneC stirrup-handled amphora'). H.o-ops. [753'Mykenae': IMS. Cat.]

431. Pear-shaped amphora on tall foot, with three small handles and nnnn ornament on the shoulder ^ H. 0-145. Lakslia tu Riii,\^cfi, ^.

441. Ei,^g-shaped body and narrow neck, with two small vertical handles (prototype of 1009-11); greenish clay: lustrous brown paint: probably Rhodian fabric of Mykenaean [78]. H. 0-13.

445-446. Fragments of Mykenaean ware, from the surface at Lapithos.

{b) Amative imitations : White Ware, II. i. Cf. Brit. A 328.

432. Small i)0t with vertical sides and three handles. KBH. clii. 4.

433. Small pot with vertical sides and two handles : very rude work. H. 0-067. Cf. Lou. A 94.

434. Eugclkanne : large late form : elaborate triangle-ornament. H, 0-38. Lapithos"^. Cf. one with Rhodian octopus ornament, Kurion, 1895, Brit. Mus.

435.^ Biigclkanne: smaller, globular: similar ornament. [869.] H. 0-14. Lapithos '^.

436. Biigelkanne: diminutive: degenerate. H. 0-085. Ci. Ashm. ^11-2. Kuldia, 6.

437. One-handled jug; body and ornament like 436 [177°]- H. 0-12.

438. One-handled jug on foot : concave sides and angular shoulder : grey clay and dull black paint : friezes of hatched triangles, arch- pattern ^7?^^/??^^, &c. H. 0-165.

439. : Amphora with horizontal handles: similar ornaments. H. 0-125.

? Kuklia, 6. Cf. Brit. A 446 (Kamiros). 440.' Amphora with expanding lip: broad bands and wavy lines. H. 0-135. Ktiklia, 12. [N. B. This specimen is exhibited here to^show the transition from Mykenaean^ to_Graeco-Phoenician pottery. Cf. C. M. 1040-1-2 (oenochoae) from the same tomb; 112S-32 (amphorae) ;'ii33 (hydria).]

441, 445, 446. Vide ' Genuine imported vases ' above.

442*. Fantastic vase : body on foot with vertical sides : spout excentric, balanced by a horned head, with two loop-handles between (cf. 261): ornament of elaborate triangles (cf. 435). =FT. 161. KBH. civil. 2. d.

447 *^ (1169.) Cylindrical bottle with broad lip, and two loop-handles

on shoulder; three friezes of lattice triangles. Cf. Ashm. 413.

Kuklia, 6. 448*^ (1170.) Similar: two projections instead of handles : broad lip.

Kuklia, 12. 449*^ (1171.) Similar, one handle from neck to shoulder: distinct fool.

Kuklia, 1 2 .

1 A similar sp., bought formerly at a sale of 'duplicates' at the Museum, was recently (1S94) in a private collection in Nicosia.

2 434, 435, 387 were found together, and 445, 446 very near. The rest of the tomb is in the Berlin Museum. KBH. xcviii. 1, clvii. 2.

^ 447-449 are of the same grey clay as 438.

CATALOGUE OF BRONZE AGE TERRACOTTAS. 5 1

FIGURINES.

461. Fragment of a horned animal or bird. White ware, with painted rectilinear ornament.

Female Figures. (Vide Introduction, p. 27.)

462*. Type I. Obloiig flattened pellet of ill-baked clay with indications of hair, face, and arms. Cf. KBH. Ixxxvi, cxlvi. 3 B, clxxiii. 2 of. Louvre, Cypr. No. i. Ag. Paraskevi, 1894, 10.

463. Tj'pe II c. Upper part of a female figure with breasts indicated by separate pellets of clay (cf. C. M. 5402), nose by a pinched-up ridge, eyes and navel by deep punctures, and mouth by an incision : attachments for earrings on side of head : left arm broken. The right arm is raised with the hand in front of the forehead, in an attitude of mourning. (Cf. sp. from Kurton, 1895 (Brit. Mus.) : a similar bronze figure from Crete, in the Ashm. Mus., Oxford, and Louvre, No. 4.) KBH. cxlviii. 9 a, clxxiii. 23 a. Ag. Paraskevi, 1 885.

464*. Type II a. Female figure modelled naked, with wide hips, and hands on breasts, like the Cycladic marble statuettes, but with bird- like face with enormous ear-flanges perforated for four movable clay earrings, of which one remains. No paint : ornament incised. Cf. KBH. xxxvii. 6 {Berl. 109): Brit. T. C. Cypr. 120 and Kurion, 1895 (sp. holding a bird). Cf. Heuzey, pi. iv. 6: Bliss, MjNIC. p. 68, fig. III. H. o-ri6. Nikolides, 1895.

465. Similar figure with nose-ritig; from the Bronze Age necropolis near Kythrea (Khytroi). [Long missing, but referred to in the MS. Report on Kurion, 1883-84, p. 30 (0-R : in Cyprus Museum); and thus described by M. Reinach (Chroniques, p. 187) — ' Une figure de femme nue en argile avec coiffure dgyptienne, pelvis triangulaire, et nombril tr^s accentu^, qui porte, detail nouveau, un grand anneau pass^ dans le nez.'] Cf. Louvre, No. 2.

466. Type II b. Female figure (head only), with bird-like face and conspicuous eyes : black and red paint. Cf. Sandwith, 1. c, x. 4 ; KBH. clxxii. 17 t; Heuzey, pi. ii. 6: Louvre, No. 3. (Not yet exhibited: cf. Tomb Groups, p. 181.) Kurion (1895), 100.

3145?^q. v.] Genre Group. ' Snow-man ' technique, Type lie : a woman grinding corn, with a saddle-quern like C. M. 471-8 : in front a large vessel to hold the flour : a child, seated opposite, holds a sieve. [433.] [341- (Warren) Tamassos.] Journ. Cypr. Stud. i. pi. I ; KBH. clxxiii. 19 h. Cf. Dummler, Mitth. Ath. xiii. 286, and later figurines from Phoenicia (Louvre). Kurion, 1883 (0-R).

Oxen. Type III. The fabric is identical with that of the base-ring ware (p. 37), carefully and vigorously modelled : body and horns long, legs short : eyes with distinct iris and pupil added by pellets of clay. Cf. the modelled head of the vase, C. M. 261 : Brit. A 132 : Lou. A 176-9.

467-469. (Not yet exhibited : vide Tomb Groups, p. 181.) 467. Kurion (1895), 27. 468. ^«nb« (1895), 105. 469. Head only. Kurion (1895), 87.

3321'^. Similar : catalogued in General Collection of Terracottas, q. v.

Birds. 3275-6, from the edge of a cup, are perhaps of the Bronze Age.

E 2

52 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

STONE IMPLEMENTS.

j Palaeolithic Implements have not been observed in Cyprus, and Neo- jlu^hic are very rare. The specimens described below are all of the /Bronze Age or later. Cf. jade fragments from Kiin'on {Myk. St/e), 1895 I (Brit. Mus. 96/2/1. 81 flf.).

470. Celt of greenstone ? of the usual Levantine type, with swollen conical outline, and somewhat obtuse cutting edge. (Not yet exhibited: vide p. 181.) Kurion (1895), 46.

Corn-rubbers. Of volcanic rock, oval, convex one side, worn flat the other : somedmes the ends are less worn than the middle, on the flat bide : used upon a large flat bed (saddle-qucrn), fragments of which have been noted at Kalopsida, Leondari-Vuno, Nikolides, A. Sozomenos, A. Paraskevi, Alambra : both in tombs and on sites of settlements. Similar stones are common at Hissarlik. Cf CM. 5152. Voni.

471. Psemmatismeno : settlement. 1885. L. -36. B. -16. 472-478. A. Paraskevi, Kalopsida, &c. L. •24-- 10. 479-480. [v. below.]

Whetstones. Cf. KBH. cxlvi. 9 B. Cf 9 A (Hissarlik).

481-483. Quadrangular, tapering, oblique string-hole in thicker end. L. •103—08.

484. Quadrangular, tapering. L. -052. Kalopsida, 10.

485. Flat: transversely perforated at one end. [5045.] L. -105. Ag. Paraskevi ?

486-487. Flat : transversely perforated at one end. L. •085-0-33. Kalo- psida, 26. Cf. Leondari Viino, J. H. S. xi. p. 12.

Touchstones.

488. Bronze Age. Flat : quadrangular. L. -09.

489. Early Gr.-Phoen. Hemispherical. D. -025. Amathus, 9.

490. Early Gr.-Phoen. Cylindrical: rubbed on one side. L.-05. Amathus,^.

Hammerstones. 491.''^- Oval : transversely bored. Cf KBH. cxlix. 18. 20.

492. Oval: transversely bored. Taviassos, 1889.

Corn-Bruisers, &c.

493. Conical. L. -045. Kalopsida, 6.

494-495. Unworked river-stones. L. •112— 10. Idalion, \^g^. 496. Oval: bruised at both ends. Idalion, Princ. Sanctuary, 1894.

Sling-stones, &c.

497-499. Oval. Jdaliofi, Princ. Sanctuary, 1894.

499 a. Caiapult-stone ? Hemispherical, with depression above, and ten small sockets, perhaps for metal grips. Cf. similar specimens from same site, in Berlin Mu.seum S^Berl. 466]. Idalion, Acropolis, 1895.

479. Stone saucer. Idalion, Princ. Sanctuary, 1894.

480-480 a. Perforated discs of clay. D. •o8--043. Idalion, Priiic. Sanctuary, 1894.

Spindlewhorls and Mace-heads. [See Nos. 651-664. Nos. 634-7 are also of stone.]

CATALOGUE OF STONE AND BRONZE IMPLEMENTS. 53

BRONZE IMPLEMENTS.

Axe-heads: thin, flat, Jiearly quadrangular. Perrot, vi.fig. 359. Si.G. 15146.

501*-503. L. .16-11. 501. =[5046]. 503. Laksha tu Rhi, \. 504. Similar, with expanded cutting edge : cf. sp. at Cambridge, fr. Tamassos.

Daggers, ia) Leaf-shaped, with three rivets for the hilt. L. -17— 12.

505*-514. Ag. Paraskevi. 512-513 only two, 514 only one rivet.

[5047. 586.] Cf. St. G. 13815: Diimmler, Mitth. xi. Beil. i. 16. 515-519. Kalopsida. 615-516. Tomb 5. 517. Tomb 10. 518-519.

Tomb II. 520. Ta?nassos. Cp. spp. from Leondari Vuno in Camb. Fitzw. Mus. 521-523. Laksha tti Riu. Only two rivets. Cf. ^/. G. 13815. 521-

522. Tomb i. 523. Tomb 2. 524-525. Tamassos. Only two rivets.

(/3) Flat tang, with parallel sides ; no rivets. L. -14 and under. 531*-532. Triangular blade. 531. =[1499]. Ag. Paraskevi. 533-537. Leaf-shaped blade. Cf. 6"/. G. 15149. [1500.] Ag. Paraskevi. 538-541. Leaf-shaped blade. Tamassos. 545*. Leaf-shaped blade, with one rivet at the end of the tang.

546. Leaf-shaped blade : two holes through the base of the blade, one on each side of the midrib. Cf. Dummler, Mitth. xi. 16, Beilage i. 11.

547. Triangular blade without tang : traces of rivets. Tamassos.

(y) Leaf shaped blade, with strong midrib produced into a round taper- ing tafig which is bent upon itself at the tip. Cf. Dummler, 1. c. i. 14. 551. L. -43 (blade). Kalopsida, g. 555. L. -23. 552*. L. -34. [5048.] 556. L. -21. Tamassos.

553. L. -28. Kalopsida, 9. 557. L. -20. Tamassos.

554. L. -25. [1981.] 558. [notexhibited]^«;7b;/(t895),58.

Scrapers : triangular, L. •03—05.

N. B. — Synilar scrapers of copper and iron occur in prehistoric deposits in Central Europe. The Cypriote women still use exactly similar scrapers in mailing bread, to*~cTear the dough from the trough. " ""

561*-562. Kalopsida, 12. 563-564. [1513-15.] Ag. Paraskevi.

Awls: one_end long and round, the other short and of square section. L. •04-- 1 8. Cf. St. G^. 15150.

665*. Laksha tu Riu, 3. 567-570. Ag. Paraskevi {Old Coll.)

566. Tamassos. 571. Ag. Paraskevi, 1894, 10.

Needles: L. -06- -14. Cf. Bliss, Mound of Many Cities (Tell-el- Hesy), p. 59, fig. 101-2.

672. Large and thick ; eye end rounded : round eye. (Broken.) 673*-574. Large and thick ; square eye. Salamis Collection. 576*-579. Slender, eye end pointed : long narrow eye. Ag. Paraskevi. 580. Slender, eye end pointed : long narrow eye. Salajnis Collection.

Pins : (a) without distinct head. L. • i o- • 1 8.

581*. Kalopsida, 9. 583-584. =[5049].

582-585. „ 24. 586. Kalopsida, 12.

54 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

{0) Wilh disthict solid head. L. •2i--i4.

587*. Kalopsida, 9. 589. Tamassos.

588. Salamis Collection. 590. Ag. Paraskevi.

{y) Large conical head : eye about halfivay dozen the shaft. L. •07—12. Cf. Egypt (Petrie, Illahun, xxii. 1-3 (G^^/z-^Z-)), Tell-el-Hcsy (Bliss, MMC. p. 59, fig. 98-100), Hissarlik (KBH. cxlvi. 4 A); absent in Hungary.

591*-593. Small head. KBII. cxlvi. 4 B. Cf. J. H. S. xii. 12 {Leondari Viino). Sp. in Cambr., Fitzw. Mus., has almost no distinct head.

594*-598. Large hollow conical head like a mushroom. 598. '/'aniassos. Cf. Cesnola, Salaminia, PI. iv, 8 A.

(8) 77/1? head is formed by a spiral loop of the stem. 598 a, b, c. Tamassos. KBH. cxlvi. i A, B ; for Central European parallels v. IMuch, Kupferzeit, p. 374.

DistaflF head. L. .09.

599*. Narrow collar below ; beaded shaft ; large head above, made of intersecting circular plates, like a mediaeval casse-tete. Cf. J. H. S. xii. 2 (sp. at Cambridge from Leondari Vuno) ; KBH. ccxiii. 8 a (mod. parallels), cxlvi. 2 B (specimen in Pennsylvania University IMuseum, Philadelphia); Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 121 (iR, pin, ' brooch '= KBH. cxlvi. 2 A).

Flesh-hook or Fork : common in later Bronze Age tombs. Cf. sp. from a lake-dwelling at Peschiera. Munro, Lake-dwellings of Europe, p. 223, fig. 64. 12.

600*. L. 07. 600 a. Tamassos.

Tweezers : zvith broad blades : rare before the later Bronze Age. L. -07—08. Cf. Egyptian types. Louvre {Salle Civile), v.

601. U-shaped. Cf. J. H. S. xii. 12 (Cambridge, Leondari Vuno). Cp.

silver sp. {Mykenae), KBH. cl. 2. 602-603a. V-shaped. 602-3. Laksha tu Riu, 2. 603a. Taniassos, H. 27.

Chisels or Spatulae : of uncertain age and provenance. L. 10. 604-605. A. P. di Cesnola ? Salamis. Cf. Cesn. Salaminia, PI. iv. 8 c. Ploughshare.

609. A flat narrow sole-plate of bronze, with a shoe-like hood at one end of the upper side. (Not yet exhibited. Vide Tomb Groups, p. 181.) Kurion (1895), 51.

610. Bone Awl. Cf. KBH. cxlvi. 8 A. Tamassos.

Spiral Rings, some probably ivorn as earrings. Cf. 4000. -01—03 diameter, (a) Ill-refined silver.

611-614. Various sizes. Ag. Paraskevi. Cf. Leondari Vuno (Fitzw. BIus.).

615. Three similar. Laksha tu Riu, i.

616. Three linked together. D. -015. Laksha tu Riu, 2.

(3) Refitted silver.

617. Thicker spiral of two turns. D. -015 ; exactly like those of Graeco- Phoenician Age (4ii9ff.). Ag. Paraskevi, 1894, 10.

(y) Bronze. 621-623. Same types as 6 1 1-6 14. ^^./"ar. 623a,b,c. 7t?;;//^ 1894, 10.

CATALOGUE OF BRONZE IMPLEMENTS SPINDLEWHORLS. 55

624. One similar, broken. Laksha iu Rite, i.

625-626. Long beads of spiral bronze-ribbon. Cf. St. G., 13811: KBH. clxxii. 15 1.

625. Ag. Paraskevi, 1894, 10. 626. Laksha hi Riu, i.

Beads of Blue-glazed Porcelain, &c. Cf. 4471-9. KBH. cli. 6, 10, 13, 15.

630*. Spherical. Ag. Paraskevi. Cf. T. G. yi^. Par. 1894, 10 (p. 57) :

Kurion, 1895, 35 (p. 181). 631*. Long, plain. Ag. Paraskevi.

632*. Long, spirally ribbed. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, IL 7 and elsewhere. 633*. Flat, very small : blue or reddish-brown. Ag. Paraskevi.

Agalmatolite. Cf. Dummler, I.e. p. 217 {Cyprus), and p. 20, Beil. i. D. I {Amorgos: ' chrysoprase ; ' now in As/wi.).

634-635. Pendants of agalmatolite. KBH. clxxxiii. 22. a. b. Ag.

Paraskevi, 1885, IL 7. 636*-637. Flat ring of agalmatolite, with notch on one side and small

knob on the other : of uncertain use : perhaps a weight. Dummler

(1. c. p. 216) calls ihtm pendants. Cf. A. P. di Cesnola, Salaminia,

p. 81, fig. 77. Ag. Paraskevi, 1885, II. 7.

SPINDLEWHORLS.

N. B. — Some of these objects may be small mace-heads : others large beads. Dummler (Mitth. Ath. xi. 217) takes the perforated stones for sling-stones. Principal Types, KBH. ccxiii. 10-25. For a late specimen, v. C. M. 5568.

A. Bronze Age. Schl. Ilios, fig. 635.

(o) Large heavy whorls, cut from river-pebbles of diorite, with polished surface and wide perforation. Nearly spherical. , (L{. St. G. 15 145. 651*. Perforation cylindrical : drilled. D. o-o6. Laksha tu Riu, 5. 652. Perforation conical : drilled. [3346.] D. 0-055. Tamassos. 653-654. Perforation doubly conical : bored. D. 0-044. 653. Ag. Par. 1894, 10. 654. =[5044.]

(3) Egg-shaped Cf. Tell-el-Hesy, Bliss, MMC. p. 41, fig. 82.

655. Perforation conical : drilled: slightly flattened on one side. D. 0-055. Tatnassos.

656. Perforation conical : drilled : slight angle at greatest diameter.

(y) Elliptical: perforated along the longer axis. Cf. Dummler, 1. c. Beilage i. 12.

657. Drilled nearly through unsymmetrically, and corrected by boring from the other end.

658-659. Bored conically from both ends : limestone. D. 0-06-0-04.

660. Bored conically from both ends. D. 0-063. Laksha tu Riu, 5.

661. Drilled, and widened by boring at both ends. D. 0-055.

662. Bored from both ends. Kalopsida, \i.

663. Bored from both ends. Laksha tu Riu, 2.

664. Oval pebble; boring begun at both ends, but unfinished, and surface not symmetrical. 1). 0-076.

(S) Pottery: 0-03-0-04 m. diameter : coarse clay, sometimes polished red. 665-667. Nearly cylindrical. D. 0-053.

668*-673. Conical; in series, becoming flatter. D. 0-047-0-02. 674-682. Finer specimens in polished red ware with various incised patterns. 680. Ag. Paraskevi, 1894, 10.

56 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

683. Nearly spherical, slightly flattened below. D. 0-043, 684*-702*. Echinus-shaped; developing into double-cone-shaped: various

incised patterns. 703-707. Black ware like 75-84. 706. Especially black and gritty: groups

of parallel lines incised : often filled with a chalky substance. Cf.

S/. G. 1 51 58. 708. Fantastic specimen : three spherical whorls coalescing on same

axis. (Figured Journ. Cypr. Stud., pi. ii. 15 c, and KBH. cxlix. 11.)

Ag. Paraskevi.

B. Later Bronze Age (period of INIykenaean Influence); and TRANSifioN TO Graeco-Phoenician Age. "

(f^r Steatite: double-cone type: small, L. 0-02 m. Especially common in tombs which c'ontaTn"Kr}''kenaean vases. "^ ~ ' "

709 \ Ornament of small drilled circles with central point. Laksha tu Rill, 4. Cf. Tomb Group, Laniaka, 1894, 55 (p. 178): Kurion, 1895 (Brit. Mus. 96/2/1. 76-7): St. G. 15163.

710. Plain. Laksha tu Riu, 4.

711. Light coloured stone; incised zigzags. Cf. A?n. 199 (Brit. Mus.). 712-716. Steatite: plain.

717. Similar. Kiiklia (probably from shaft 6 or 12).

718. Similar. A ma thus ?

719. Conical with flat ends. Poli [C. E. F.], C. 25.

C. Graeco-Phoenician Age.

{() Sttatitt : hemispherical or low conical : flat underside^,, 0-025 diam.

Geometrical incised ornament. Cf. St. G. 15158.

N. B. — The type f is very rare in Graeco-Phoenician tombs.

731. Tangent circles O^^O-^G^^ on dotted ground. D. 0-042.

732*. Drilled circles with central point, cf. 709 : on dotted ground in plain border.

733. Intersecting semicircles with central point, in plain border 9:)'):))

734-735. Plain border. '

736-769. Plain : in series from conical to hemispherical. This type lasts on into the Hellenistic Age : e. g. specimens from Amathus, 205, 254, found together \^\\h glass whorls : 822, thirty-two similar whorls, flat.

770. Similar: limestone. Lartiaka, 1894, 45,

{■q) Alabaster: hemispherical: later Graeco-Phoenician : the pin is of

bronze wire, zvith a small loop above.

771*. Amathus, 224. 774. Amathus, 77.

772-773. Kiiklia. 780. Nearly flat.

D. Hellenistic Age.

{&) Porcelain : hemispherical : perhaps of Graeco-Phoenician Age.

791. Blue glaze. 792. White glaze : ribbed.

(t) Glass : hemispherical or segmental : with spirally ribbed surface, often ornamented with coloured-glass bands.

793. Black with looped yellow band. Amathus, 55.

799. Amathus, 44. 809. Kuklia. 810. Amathus, 13.

(k) Bone. Cf. C. M. 4990, spindle-shaft.

820. Flat and thin, slightly convex : incised rings.

821. Plain. D. 0-038. ' 822. Vide above, 736 ff.

CATALOGUE OF BRONZE AGE TOMB GROUPS, 57

BRONZE AGE TOMB GROUPS.

The following groups are exhibited in the JNIuseum apart from the Type Collections and from each other ; they are typical of the colloca- tions of objects which are met with in tombs of this age. Vide Preface, p. viii.

Agia Paraskevi, 1884, 1. The tomb of the gold-mounted Babylonian Cylinder, 4501. The only specimens which can be identified from the original photographs (reproduced with ground-plan, KBH. clxxi. 14) are 180, 252, 255, 260, 266.

Agia Paraskevi, 1884, 4. Incised red ware and black slip ware: like 20, 55, III, 167, 194.

Agia Paraskevi, 1894, 10. The tomb of the large Cylinder Mounts, 4502 : a natural cave on the north edge of the plateau ; collapsed ; containing red polished ware with incised and relief ornament ; 213*, 233*, black slip ware like 151 ff. ; base-ring jug 251 and another like it; a flat dish with rim like 298 ; fragments of hemispherical bowls like 301 ff . ; abundance of painted ware, of types 332, 346, 368, 371, 386*, 411; a perforated lid like 180; the incised flask, 213; bronze implement, 571. Spirals: silver, 617; bronze, 623, 625 ; clay figure, 462; stone spindlewhorl, 653, and a number of clay ones, e.g. 680 : porcelain beads like 630.

Kalopsida, 3. Plain red ware only, including several like 42. Bronzes 515-516.

Kalopsida, 5. Red ware, plain and incised: especially 229 and a small krater from a rinsr-vase.

Kalopsida, 6. Plain red ware : especially a globular bottle with long neck and two small horned handles, incised. Stone-grinder, 493.

Kalopsida, 9. Bronzes 551, 553, 581, 587. The rest in Ashm. Miis.

Kalopsida 10. Whetstone, 484; dagger, 517 : coarse red ware,

Kalopsida, 11. Coarse red ware like 164, 178, &c. Black ware, 281-283. Painted ware, 331, 332, 333, and like 308, 314, 337-8, 340, 368, 379. Bronzes, 518, 519; spherical porcelain beads like 630. Half of this tomb is in Ashm. ]\Ius.

Kalopsida, 12. Red and painted ware. Bronzes 581, 582, 586.

Kalopsida, 17. Incised red ware bowl (cf. 7-1 1); painted bowl like 314.

Kalopsida, 16, 18, 22, 32. Plain coarse red ware : various types.

Kalopsida, 24. Bronzes 582, 585.

Kalopsida, 25. Plain red ware spoon like 26, and jugs: painted bowls, 319, 320, 321 ; jug like 342.

N, 13 — From Kalopsida there are also a few detached specimens of pottery.

X

58 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

Laksha tu Riu (Larnaka), 1 (Government share). A dome-shaped cave wiih door high uj) in the side, and five shallow niches round it : containing red polished ware, plain and incised ; painted vessel, 360, and a painted bowl; bronze implements, 503, 521, 522; spirals, 615, r)24, 626 [stone and clay spindlewhorls, spear-head, &c., in Ashm. Mus.].

Laksha tu Riu, 2. Painted ware, 330, and a globular bottle like FT. 36: bronze implements, 523, 602-3; silver chain, 616; stone whorl, 663.

Laksha tu Riu, 3. Globular schnabelkanne with incised zigzags and bands, cf. 350; painted bottles like 359, 371 ; bronze awl, 565.

Laksha tu Riu, 4 (Government share). A dome-shaped cave with small square door high in the side (for the form cf. KBH. clxxii. 17, 18 (Katydata-Linu : also with Mykenaean vases), and Orsi, Mon. Ant. i. 203 (Crete)); containing the Mykenaean vase 431 [and two similar, and a biigelkanne]; base-ring jugs, 270-274, 277 [and several similar, one like 270 with horn-like scrolls, and a bowl on foot with white lines] ; base- ring bowl, 267 ; ten hemispherical bowls like 301 ff. [and about twenty more] ; the large krater 293 [and another smaller] ; and the spindlewhorl 709, 710. [The rest of the tomb, thus indicated [ ], is in Ashm. Mus.]

Laksha tu Riu, 5. Painted schnabelkanne, 345; red polished bowl; plain red jug like 131 ; stone whorls, 651, 660.

Ag. Sozomenos, 1894. Very late Bronze Age, with INIykenaean vases ; passing over into Graeco-Phoenician.

Tomb I. The following Nos. of Inventory in 'Tamassos und Idalion' ; the rest of the tomb is in the Berlin Museum.

103. Tall pear-shaped vase with long cylindrical neck and one handle : base-ring fabric. H. 0-17.

104. Similar : less bulged. H. 0-32.

106. Wheel-made : oval body, base-ring : heavy rim to neck : handle from rim to shoulder : slip much flaked. H. o- 125. [' Tamassos und Idalion,' Formentafel 183.]

Nikolides, 1894. Same period as Ag. Sozomenos.

Tomb V. (remainder in Berlin INIuseum), the following Nos. : —

153. The terracotta figurine, C.M. 464.

159. Hand-made jug with slightly pinched lip (oenochoe) : coarse fabric :

cf. specimen from Laksha tu Riu, 4, in Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

H. 0-26.

164. Same fabric as Ag. Sozomenos 103-104, but wider : neck inclined backwards. H. 0-107.

165. Same fabric and shape as C.M. 225: strongly marked double handle-ridge. H. 0-122. [' Tamassos und Idalion,' Formentafel 165.]

166. Similar, rougher fabric : no handle-ridge. H. 0-135. [FT. 171.]

167. Similar fabric: oval hody pomied below: handle-ridge like 165. H. 0-168. [FT. 165.]

Tomb VII. (remainder in Berlin Museum), the following Nos : — 212. Fragment of large flat bowl with vertical string-hole on rim

[F-T. 15]. 216. White ware, painted. Form like C. M. 203 ff. (Class D. d. above) :

two suspension holes in rim (cf. FT. 36) : rich geometrical ornament.

Kurion, 1895; Salamis, 1896. v. below, p. 180-4.

THE GRAECO-PHOENICIAN AGE.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF POTTERY.

The principal fabrics are as follows : —

I. Unpainted.

1. Domestic Ware. A large number of the common vessels are

simply made of more or less unrefined clay of a white, yellowish, or

brownish colour ; without slip or expressly smoothed surface : e. g. the

majority of the wine amphorae, from the sixth century onwards, the common

oenochoae and pitchers, and the shallow bowls, saucers, plates, and

lamps, which are found almost everywhere.

N. B. — Early types elegant : especially oenochoae from Nikolides and types from Kurion (1S95, Brit. Mus.).

2. Black Slip Ware (Reeded Cypriote Bucchero). The clay is often light coloured, but is wholly covered by a black slip, which is usually lustreless, and inclined to wear off. This ware is found, as above mentioned (p. 37), in the latest Bronze Age tombs, and is characteristic of the Transition ; but disappears in the first period of the purely Graeco- Phoenician Age. Its usud.\/brms are the oenochoe and the krater ; both have a high foot, and many are reeded or fluted outside : a few are plain. The intention of the reeding, and of the black slip, is probably to imitate a metallic prototype (CM. oenochoae, 1033-1037; kraters, 1101-2-4-5-6).

3. Black Ware. The clay is black throughout, like that of the Italian Bucchero : the surface is lustrous and quite plain. This ware also dis- appears early and is comparatively _rare (C. IM. 1038).

4. Bed Ware. The clay is either red or light coloured, and is entirely; covered with a fine red slip, which in the earlier examples is smooth and apparently hand-polished (cf. a fragment (Amathus, 286) and two spp. in British Museum and spp. (Tamassos) in Berlin Museum), but in the later is coarser and dull. This ware also is early and rare ; it seems to represent a survival of the wheel-made red wares of the Bronze Age (Ag. Sozomenos 106), and isitself superseded by the painted red ware (II. 3). (C. M. 1039.)

II. Painted.

I. White Ware. This is by far the commonest fabric, and differs from I. I only in the fact that it has painted ornament. The clay is white or cream-coloured, soft, absorbent, and usually quite lustreless : but all qualities of slip are found — (a) coarse, dull, and almost absent ; (/3) finer, but powdery and quite dull ; (y) fine and hard enough to be slightly lustrous. The ornament is executed (n) in lustreless black paint, made o.f the native umber of Cyprus, which very seldom burns to red. (/3) A lustreless and often powdery purple-red is used to fill spaces or bands which are usually outlined with black ; sometimes the red, or a dull variety of it, is used alone. This red resembles very closely, in composi-

6o CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

tion and use, that which is used in the geometrical and early orientalizing styles of Boeolia ; and more remotely the purple-red of Chalcidian, Corinthian, and early Auic pottery. In the ' polychrome ware ' two reds can be distinguished, one more violet than the other, (y) Details are occasionally added, later, in lustreless white; especially dots along the bands of black. This mode of ornament is more appropriate to II. 2. (5) Bright orange is occasionally used with or instead of the red ; and forms t!ie link Between this class and the polychrome vases described below (C. M. 1 127, 1 1 72, 1 178).

2. Coloured Slip Wares. The clay is like that of the white ware, but is often coarse and discoloured. The slip varies in colour from (n) dark red — which imitates the succeeding class, and may be either dull on large coarse vessels, or somewhat lustrous on smaller and choicer specimens — to (/3) black, which inherits from the earlier black slip ware (I. 2). The ornament of (o) is executed in black and white paint (hereinafter ' rbw.' CM. 1 187, &c.) ; of (^) in white mainly, but with a dull brown paint added, which is often lighter ''tlian the ground. Some of these vases seem to have suffered from careless firing. The latest specimens show Hellenic influence (C. M. 11 73 ff.).

3. Red Ware. The clay and slip are identical with that of the un- painted red ware (I. 4) : the ornament is executed in black, (a) On a large and early (Vlll-Vrcent.) class of miniature vessels the paint is peculiarly lustreless in comparison with the fine lustrous slip, and the ornaments are very simple: cpncentric circles, swastikas, and rarely lozenges or triangles (CM. 997 ff^.). The oenochoae have 'vertical and horizontal' circles. The characteristic forms of this class are occasionally repeated in black ware, with white paint (C M. 1074, 1255, Brit. C 140-2). (/3) On the large vessels throughout, and on the sixth-fifth century successors of (a), the surface is nearly dull,' the slip tends to flake off, and the ornament to follow the normal types of the white ware. The latest specimens show Hellenic influence (C. M. 1083).

4. Hellenizing Wares. All the native fabrics Hellenize more or less in the fourth century, in form and in ornament : but the following are never found without Hellenic ornamentation, or before the fourth century.

A. The clay is reddish brown ; the slip black, with lustre sometimes metallic : the ornament is in lustreless dark brown or black, and in white. (C M. 1079.) "

B, The clay is reddish ; the slip yellowish brown, with strong lustre : the ornament in («) lustreless black; {(i) reddish brown (which may be sometimes due to overfiring of a; (y) polychrome (vide below) (C. M. 920, 920 a, 1 080-1 ; cf. KBH. clxxviii. 3).

C The clay is cream-coloured (= white ware); the slip coarse and quite white ; the ornament (olive wreaths, &c.) is carelessly executed in thin • brown paint (C.M. 1082).

D. Polychrome. The clay is reddish or white ware : the slip is a lustreless white fragile limewash, like that of the Attic white lekythi. On this, outlined in dull black, are fri^ezes of purely Hellenic ornament (palmette, lotos, olive-wreath, wave, scroll, meander, and lattice work) : executed in purple-red, vermilion, yellow, green, and blue.

These vases are chiefly found at Marion (Poli), Kurion (Episkopi), and Amathus : they are almost all tall })itchers, with bulls' heads, or women carrying oenochoae, as spouts ; and they range from the fourth century

CATALOGUE OF GRAECO-PHOENICIAN POTTERY. 6l

(the type itself is of the sixth century) until the Roman Age (p. 26) (C. M. 1221 ff.).

ti .B.—^Qmiig^is occasionally found on white ware (Amathus) ; and bright 6/ue on bulls'- head pitchers of red ware ',Poli) ; both of sixth century. Cf. BrzL C 289.

5. Hellenic Wares. lt_js_ not certain that any Hellenic fabrics were imitated in Cyprus (but cf. C. M. 953 a, 1083-4) ; at least not until the Ptolemaic Age, when there is a native fabric of common black-glazed Icarfthari, lamps, &c., and a fabric (cf. C. M, 2068) with leaves, &c., in black glaze on white ground. But Dipylon, Rhodian, Proto-Corinthian, and in great numbers Attic black- and red-figured vases were imported. Among the later black-figured are some which follow the shape of a Cypriote oenochoe, and the lustrous surface of Cypriote red ware ; and it is probable that these were manufactured expressly for Cyprus (C. M. 1603; cf. KBH. frontispiece, 8a: Brit. Mus. [A/naihus) 94/11/1/161 and 476).

In the Ptolemaic and the Roman Age, all these native fabrics disappear, ejccept the domestic ware (I. i) and some of the Hellenizing and Hellenic wares (II. 4, 5). The red ware in particular was superseded by the imported Samian and pseudo-Samian ware ; and all other fine pottery, at least for burial purposes, by blown glass (2551 ff., imitated in clay, 2150 ff.).

The type collection catalogued below (901-1499) is arranged according to the forms of the vessels, an analysis of which is adjoined. Each form is subdivided according to its schemes of ornament, and as much regard as possible is paid to chronological sequence. This is the section of the whole Museum which one would most gladly see remodelled : but the variety of characters to be considered and balanced against one another is so great that no one system can be consistently adopted. The potters at all events were guiltless of any desire to classify their wares.

The Graeco-Phoenician ' Formentafel' in ' Tamassos und Idalion ' follows substantially the same arrangement, except that the deeper bowls and plates (A) are more closely associated with the wider forms of two- handled vases (D, E).

SERIES OF FORI\IS OF GRAECO-PHOENICIAN POTTERY.

A. Open Bowls, Plates, &c.

901. a. Shallow two-handled plates, ornamented outside within the

base-ring. 904. b. Deeper two-handled bowls. 920— a. Late Hellenized examples. 921. c. Shallow bowls with broad horizontal rim. 928. d. IMiscellaneous bowls.

942. e. Transitional forms between bowl and kylix. 951. /. Cypriote kj'likes, with flat bottom and vertical sides. 953. g. Kylikes, early, under Mykenaean influence. 957. h. Bowl covers. 963. /. Cup-and-saucer vessels. 965. k. Tripods.

B. Lentoid Flasks and Pilgrim Bottles, passing into barrel- shaped Jugs, 968-81 : 1093-98.

C. Bottles and Jugs with narrow necks.

A . The rim ts entire and smooth. 982. a. One-handled jugs, with narrow neck and broad flat rim.

b. One-handled jugs, with ' handle-ridge.' (a) Rim flat : white ware, {p) Funnel-shaped rim : red ware, (y) Varieties.

62 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

1088. c. Spherical, with sliort neck. 1014. d. Onc-liamiled jugs, \\\\.\\ Jhur-de-lys ornament. 1021. ('. Unpainted ' bottle-jugs.'

1026. / Tetinae with spout, (a) handle at one side. (^) handle across mouth. Cf. 1092.

B. The nm is pinched into a spout. * Oenochoae!

1033. a. ' Bucchero ' types : reeded : with black slip.

1058. /'. ' Bucchero ' types : black or red clay.

1040. r. Late Mykenaean types.

1043. d. ' Cypriote oenochoe' types, (a) While ware, 1043. (^) Red

ware, 1070. (y) Hellenized examples, 1080. 1086. e. Wider neck : swollen body: characteristic bird-pattern.

D. Two-handled Vases. Handles set vertically. Kraters.

A. Extending from the shoulder to the neck below the rim.

1101. a. Bucchero and black slip ware: reeded (I. 2).

1103. b. White ware painted (II. i).

B. Extending from the shoulder to the rim.

1104. c. Black slip ware : reeded (I. 2).

N.B. — White ware (except those indicated) (II. i).

1107. d. Mykenaean influence predominant : narrow stem and wide foot. 1110. e. IMykenaean influence evanescent : no foot.

1114. f Rim very narrow : handles turned outwards in serpents' heads

above.

1115. g. Very large body, short wide neck, with geometrical ornament. 1123. h. Miniature, concentric circles (red ware, I. 3).

1127. i- White ware with black, red, and yellow paint.

E. Handles set horizontally. Amphorae.

A. Handles single.

1128. a. IMykenaean influence predominant.

1134. b. Geometrical : Mykenaean influence evanescent. c. Geometrical developing into naturalistic style. a. Spherical or oval body : tall neck. 1162. I. Concentric circles.

1164. 2. Tree pattern.

1171. 3. Lattice pattern.

1181. b. Spherical body : wide low neck. 1177. c. Diminutive: handles project horizontally.

B. Handles double : neck low or absent : an early type. Dipylo?i

iftfluence, 1182.

C. Vessels of horizontal handled types, but with handles vertical, 1187.

F. Hydriae. Handles both vertical and horizontal, 1133.

G. Fantastic Vases, 1195.

H. Vases with modelled spouts.

a. Cow's head, 1201. b. Woman and pitcher, 1251.

I. Lamps, 1301.

SERIES OF PRINCIPAL TYPES OF GRAECO-PHOENICIAN POTTERY.

FROM THE END OF MYKENAEAN AGE TO THE PTOLEMAIC

CONQUEST OF CYPRUS.

A. OPEN BOWLS AND PLATES.

a. Shallow two-handled Plates with ornament within the base- ring outside. Cf. Sandwith (Archaeologia, xlv), PI. xi. 3 (Brit. Mus.).

(a) Whiie ware. Cf. Brit. C 100, 102, 113-7; Lou. A 107-8, 1 10-12,

154- ' 801*. Reeded outside : black slip outside : concentric bands of red and

black within base-ring. D. 0-19. Cf. Brii. C 99 (from A?}i. 14). 901 a. Not reeded : ornament of four latticed triangles, derived from

Mykenaean motive, forming ground of a white cross. D. 0-105. 901 b*. Black and red paint ; across the bottom a chain of latticed lozenges

between parallel lines : the flanking segments filled with latticed

triangles and bands filled with zigzags. D. 0-105. Amathiis. 901c. Decoration like 901 a. D. 0-26. Cf Ashn. 521.

902. Roughly scored outside in imitation of reeding : Maltese cross of black within fine bands. [718.] D. 0-21.

802a. Not reeded: Maltese cross like 902, but five lattice triangles round it. D. 0-255. (iS) Red ware.

903. Black paint. Maltese cross and lattice triangles within base-ring. [719.] D. 0-23.

b. Deeper two-handled Plates and Bowls.

(a) White . ivare.

904. Broad red and narrow black bands. [706.] D. 0-195. Cf. Brit. C 104.

905-905 a. Similar. D. o-i45-o-io. 905 a. Atnathus, 2"]^.

906. Deeper : rudimentary projections instead of handles ; one of them perforated. [774-] D. 0-125.

907. Black paint only. [703.] D. 0-163.

908. Black and red bands. D. 0-135. A. P. di Cestw/a, iS'jS.

909. The paint of the handles is continued down the bowl. [782.] D. 0-23.

910*. Funnel-shaped: very small base: 'wavy band' of black, a late Mykenaean motive, among the ordinary red and black bands. Broken and riveted anciently : the rivet-holes remain : cf. 1137. D. 0-31.

64 CYPRUS MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

910 a. Unpaintcd. Similarly broken and riveted.

811-912a. Like 910, black paint only. [782.] D. 0-4. 912. [493.] D. 0-15. 912 a. Lattice triangles. D. o-o8.

(/3) JRed^ware. Cf. Brit. C 300-6.

914. Shallow ^orm: black lines only. D. 0185. A mathus, 2^1.

913. Deep form, small base like 910, distinct rim : black bands and

groups of concentric circles. 1). 0-13. 815. Black lines, witli white spots. Cf. 925, 1135, 1166, &c. D. 0-17.

Ainaihiis, 238.

916. Cf. 913, lines only. D. 0-33. A?nafhus, 20.

917. Unusual size : double handles : black and white bands. D. 0-385. Poli\ 106, IL

918*. Vertical handles under rim .• small base. [455-] 0.0-31. 919*. No handles : deep base-ring : brownish clay : black and white bands: white wavy band. 0.0-315. Poll.

N. B. — These large bowls almost disappear in fifth-fourth centuries, (y) Late Hellenized examples. Cf. Brit. C 372.

920. Flat plate: hoiizontal rim: handles