A
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
INGLIS JOHN
DICTIONARY
or
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
EDITED BY
SIDNEY LEE
VOL. XXIX. INGLIS JOHN
MACMILLAN AND CO.
LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1892
za
LIST OF WRITERS
IN THE TWENTY-NINTH VOLUME.
J. G. A. . . J. G. ALGEB. R. E. A. . . R. E. ANDERSON. W. A. J. A. . W. A. J. ARCHBOLD. G. F. R. B. . G. F. RUSSELL BARKER.
R. B THE REV. RONALD BAYNK.
T. B THOMAS BAYNE.
G. T. B. . . G. T. BETTANT.
G. C. B. . . G. C. BOASB.
G. S. B. . . G. S. BOULQEB.
E. T. B. . . Miss BRADLEY.
A. R. B. . . THE REV. A. R. BUCKLAND.
A. H. B. . . A. H. BULLEN.
E. C-N. ... EDWIN CANNAN.
H. M. C. . . H. MANNERS CHICHESTEB.
A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. CLERKE.
J. C THE REV. JAMES COOPBB.
T. C THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A.
W. P. C. . . W. P. COURTNEY.
J. C-N. . . . JAMES CRANSTOUN, LL.D.
C. C CHARLBS CRKIGHTON, M.D.
M. C THE BISHOP OF PETERBOROUGH.
L. C LIONEL CUST, F.S.A.
A. I. D. . . ARTHUR IRWIN DASBNT.
R. D ROBERT DUNLOP.
C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH.
J. G. F. . . J. G. FOTHERINGHAM.
R. G RICHARD GABNETT, LL.D.
J. T. G. . . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A. G. G GORDON GOODWIN.
A. G THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON.
J. M. G. . . J. M. GRAY.
W. A. G. . . W. A. GREENHILL, M.D. J. C. H. . . J. CUTHBERT HADDEN. J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON.
T. H THE REV. THOMAS HAMILTON, D.D.
R. H ROBERT HARRISON.
W. J. H. . . W. JEROME HARRISON.
T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON.
W. H. ... THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT.
B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON.
H. J HENRY JENNER, F.S.A.
C. K. . . . . CHARLES KENT. C. L. K. . . C. L. KINGSFORD. J. K JOSEPH KNIGHT.
J. K. L. . . PBOFESSOB J. K. LAUGHTON.
S. L SIDNEY LEE.
A. G. L. . . A. G. LITTLE. W. R. LL. . COLONEL W. R. LLUELLYN. W. B. L. . . THE REV. W. B. LOWTHEB. M. M. ... JENEAS MACKAY, LL.D. E. H. M. . . E. H. MAKSHALL.
L. M. M. . . MlSS MlDDLETON.
A. H. M. . . A. H. MILLAR. C. M COSMO MONKHOUSK.
V
List of Writers.
N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D.
J. B. M. . . J. BASS MUI.I.INGER.
A. N AXBEHT NICHOLSON.
K. N Miss KATE NORGATE.
F. M. O'D. . F. M. O'DoNOGHCE. J. F. P.. . . J. F. PAYNE, M.D.
B. L. P. . . R. L. POOLE.
B. P MlSS PORTER.
R. B. P. . . R. B. PROSSEH. E. J. R. . . E. J. RAPSOX. J. M. R. . . J. M. RIGG. T. S THOMAS SBCCOMHE.
R. F. S. . . R. FARQfHARSON SHARP.
AY. A. S. . . AY. A. SHAW. L. S. . . LESLIE STEPHEN.
C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON. W. C. S. . . W. C. SroNBY.
J. T JAMES TAIT, of Oxford.
H. R. T. . . H. R. TEDDER.
D. LL. T. . . D. LLKCFKR THOMAS.'
E. M. T. . . E. MAUNDE THOMPSON, D.C.L.
F.S.A. T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT.
E. V THE REV. CANON VENABLES.
R. H. V. . . COLONEL R. H. ATETCH, R.E. A. W. AY. . A. AV. AYARD, Litt.D.
M. G. W. . . THE REV. M. G. WATKINS.
F. W-T. . . FRANCIS WATT.
C. W-H. . . CHARLFS WELCH, F-S.A. W. W. ... WARWICK WROTH, F.S.A.
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Inglis
Inglis
INGLIS, CHARLES (1731 P-1791), rear- admiral, a younger son of Sir John Inglis of Cramond, bart., entered the navy in 1745 on board the Ludlow Castle,with Captain George Brydges (afterwards Lord) Rodney [q. v.] He followed Rodney to the Eagle, and in that ship was present in Hawke's action with L'Etenduere on 14 Oct. 1747. After three years in the Eagle he was appointed to the Tavistock with Captain Francis Holburne. He passed his examination on 5 Feb. 1755, being then, according to his certificate, more than twenty-three years of age, and the next day he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Monarch, with Captain Abraham North. In April 1756 he was appointed to the Magna- nime, with Captain Wittewronge Taylor; turned over, with him, to the Royal William on 3 June 1757 [cf. HOWE, RICHAKD, EARL], and a fortnight later was promoted to the command of the Escort sloop, attached to the expedition to Rochefort under Sir Edward (afterwards Lord) Hawke [q. v.] In June 1759 he was appointed to the Carcass bomb, part of the force under Rodney which bom- barded Havre and destroyed the flat-bot- tomed boats there in July. On 15 Dec. 1761 he was posted to the Newark of 80 guns, which early in the following year went out to the Mediterranean with the broad pennant of Commodore Sir Peircy Brett. He re- turned to England after the peace, and on the occasion of the Spanish armament in 1770 was appointed to command the Lizard frigate. In August 1778 he commissioned the Salisbury of 50 guns, in which he went out to Jamaica, and on 12 Dec. 1779 cap- tured the San Carlos, a Spanish privateer of 60 guns, and laden with military stores, in
VOL. XXIX.
the Bay of Honduras. In the following sum- mer he returned to England, and when the Salisbury was paid off was appointed to the 64-gun ship St. Albans, one of the fleet under Vice-admiral Darby at the relief of Gibraltar in March 1781. Towards the end of the year he was sent out to the West Indies in charge of convoy, and having joined the flag of Sir Samuel (afterwards Viscount) Hood [q. v.] at Barbadoes, was with him during his attempt to relieve St. Kitts, 25 Jan. 1782. Afterwards, in the battle of 12 April, the St. Albans was the second ship astern of the Formidable, and passed through the enemy's line closely following her and the Namur. In August 1782 the St. Albans went to North America with Admiral Pigot, and returned to England after the peace. Inglis had no further service, but was promoted to be rear- admiral on 21 Sept. 1790. and died on 10 Oct. 1791.
His son Charles, first lieutenant of the Penelope in her remarkable engagement with the Guillaume Tell [see BLACKWOOD, SIK HENRY], was immediately promoted to com- mand the Petrel, and in her led the fleet under Lord Keith into the harbour of Marmorice, during a violent gale, on 1 Jan. 1801 (PARSON, Nelsonian Reminiscences, p. 80). He was ad- vanced to post rank on 29 April 1802, and died, still a captain, on 27 Feb. 1833.
[Charnock's Biog. Nav. vi. 455 ; Commission and Warrant Books in Public Eecord Office ]
J. K. L.
INGLIS, CHARLES (1734-1816), bishop of Nova Scotia, was born, apparently, in -Near Yorkj-in 1734. From 1755 to 1758 he con- ducted a free school at Lancaster, Pennsyl- vania, and gained the goodwill of the neigh-
No.1 M-t,
Inglis
hours, who recommended him to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. He came to England, was ordained by the Bishop of London, and, returning to America, began work on the Dover mission station, which then included the county of Kent, Delaware, 1 July 1759. In 1765 he became assistant to Dr. Auchnutz, at Holy Trinity Church, New York, and catechist to the negroes. While there he took part in the controversy on the subject of the American episcopacy, advocating its foundation in a pamphlet, and being a member of the voluntary convoca- tion which met 21 May 1766. In conjunc- tion with Sir William Johnson he actively assisted in evangelical work among the Mo- hawk Indians. The university of Oxford created him by diploma M.A. 6 April 1770, and D.D. 25 Feb. 1778 (FOSTER, Alumni Oxon. p. 728). In 1776, when Washington obtained possession of New York, Inglis, as a loyalist, retired to Long Island for a time, but Dr. Auchnutz died 4 March 1777, and I Inglis was chosen to succeed him in the bene- fice of Holy Trinity. The church had just been burnt down, and Inglis was inducted by Governor Tryon among the ruins. His loyalty to the English crown rendered him obnoxious to the new American government. His property was taken from him, and he appeared in the Act of Attainder of 1779. He resigned his living 1 Nov. 1783, and visited England. On 12 Aug. 1787 he was consecrated first bishop of Nova Scotia, thus becoming the first British colonial bishop ; he proceeded to his diocese, and in 1809 was made a member of the council of Nova Scotia. He died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1816. Inglis married Margaret Crooke, daugh- ter of John Crooke of Ulster county, New York, and by her had two daughters and a son, John, who became in 1825 third bishop of Nova Scotia, died in London in 1850, and was the father of Sir John Eardley Wilmot Inglis [q. v.] Inglis published a few pam- phlets.
[Sabine's Loyalists of the American Revolu- tion, i. 563-5 ; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. vi. 151, 516, vii. 263, ix. 527, 2nd ser. 461, 4th ser. viii. 87 ; Magazine of American Hist. ii. 59 ; Nichols's Lit. Illustr. vii. 488; Perry's Hist, of the Amer. Episc. Ch. i. 242, &c., ii. 50 n. &c. ; Winsor's Hist, of Amer. vi. 270, 608 ; Ander- son's Hist, of the Colonial Church, i. 420, iii. 435, 602-7, 716; Documentary Hist, of New York, vols. iii. and iv.] "W. A. J. A.
INGLIS, HENRY DAVID (1795-1835), traveller and miscellaneous writer, the only son of a Scottish advocate, was born at Edin- burgh in 1795, and was educated for commer- cial life ; but he found work in an office un-
Inglis
congenial, turned to literature, and travelled abroad. Under the nom de guerre of Derwent Conway, he published his first work, ' Tales of the Ardennes,' 1825. It met with a favour- able reception, and there followed in quick succession ' Narrative of a Journey through Norway, part of Sweden, and the Islands and States of Denmark,' 1826, ' Solitary Walks through many Lands,' 1828, and ' A Tour through Switzerland and the South of France and the Pyrenees,' 1830 and 1831. For a short time before 1830 he edited a local newspaper at Chesterfield in Derby- shire, but soon relinquished it for further foreign travel. Of his j ourneys through Spain and the Tyrol in 1830 and following years, he published valuable accounts, 'Spain in 1830' appearing in 1831, and 'The Tyrol, with a Glance at Bavaria,' in 1833. The former is his best work. In 1832 Inglis wrote a novel, in three volumes, entitled ' The New Gil Bias, or Pedro of Pennaflor,' 1832, de- lineating social life in Spain, but this effort, though not without merit, was a failure. In the same year he went to the Channel islands, and edited a Jersey newspaper, called ' The British Critic,' for two years. He pub- lished in 1834 a description, in two volumes, of the Channel islands. Later, in 1834, he made a tour through Ireland, publishing an interesting and impartial account of his ob- servations under the title of 'Ireland in 1834.' The book attracted attention, was quoted as an authority by speakers in parliament in 1835, and reached a fifth edition in 1838. Subsequently Inglis settled in London, and in 1837 contributed to ' Colburn's New Monthly Magazine ' his last literary work, ' Rambles in the Footsteps of Don Quixote,' with illustra- tions by George Cruikshank. He died of disease of the brain, the result of overwork, at his residence in Bayham Terrace, Regent's Park, on Friday, 20 March 1835. All his books are agreeably written, and supply ser- viceable information.
[Athenaeum, 28 March 1835 ; Chambers'sBiog. Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen, ii. 336 ; Gent. Mag. September 1835 ; Brit. Mus. Cat] W. C. S.
INGLIS, HESTER (1571-1624), cali- grapher and miniaturist. [See KELLO.]
INGLIS, JAMES (d. 1531), abbot of Cul- ross, was clerk of the closet to James IV in 1511,when he received, according to the ' Trea- surer's Accounts,' his livery and the instalment of his annual salary of 40/. He seems to have had the confidence of the king, who thanks him in one of his letters (Epistolce Regum Sco- torum) for an offer of certain rare books on alchemy. He became chaplain to Prince
Inglis
3
Inglis
James (afterwards James V), to whom Sir David Lyndsay was usher, and in 1515 was secretary to Queen Margaret. lie was also entrusted with money for the purchase of clothes, &c., for the young prince and his brother. In 1515 Inglis was in England on the queen's business (cf. his letters in the Cottonian MSS.) Like Lyndsay, he had a share in providing dramatic entertainments for royalty, and in 1526 received money, ' be the king's precept,' to purchase stage apparel (cf. Treasury Records}. In 1527 he is de- scribed in a charter as chancellor of the Royal Chapel of Stirling, and in the same year was * master of werk,' at an annual salary of 40£, superintending the erection of buildings for the king (cf. ib.*). About the same time he was appointed abbot of Culross. On 1 March 1531, for a reason unknown, he was murdered by his neighbour, John Blacater, baron of Tul- liallan, and a priest named William Lothian. Summary vengeance followed on 28 Aug., when ' John Blacater of Tullyalloune and William Louthian (publicly degraded from his orders in the Kingis presence the preced- ing day), being convicted by an assize of art and part of the cruel slaughter of James In- glis, abbot of Culross, were beheaded ' (PiT- CAIEN, Criminal Trials, i. *151).
Sir David Lyndsay, in stanza v. of the pro- logue to ' The Testament and Complaynt of •our Soverane Lordis Papyngo,' regrets the repression of Inglis's poetic gift owing to his holding ecclesiastical preferment : —
Quho can say more than Schir James Inglis sayis, In ballattis, farses, and in plesand playis ? Bot Culrose hes his pen maid impotent.
His writings are lost, although the Maitland MS. credits him with a vigorous onslaught on the clergy entitled ' A General Satyre,' which, however, the Bannatyne MS., with •distinct plausibility, assigns to Dunbar. Mac- kenzie's rash assumption, in his ' Writers of the Scots Nation,' that Inglis wrote the ' Complaynt of Scotland ' (which was not printed till 1549), has unnecessarily compli- cated the question regarding the authorship of that work. Another ecclesiastic named Inglis figures in the ' Treasurer's Accounts ' of 1532 as singing ' for the kingis saule at Banak- burne/andif an Inglis wrote the* Complaynt,' this may have been the man. Robert Wed- derburn, however, is the most likely author (see LAING, Dunbar).
[Lesley's De Rebus G-estis Scotorum ; Pinker- ton's Hist, of Scotland, vol. ii. ; Dunbar's Poems, ed. Laing, ii. 390, and Laing's preface to The Gude and Godlie Ballates ; Chambers's Eminent Scotsmen ; Irving's Hist, of Scotish Poetry.]
T.B.
INGLIS, JOHN, D.D. (1763-1834), Scot- tish divine, born in 1763, was the youngest son of Harry Inglis, M.A., minister of Forteviot, Perthshire. He graduated at the university of Edinburgh, studying divinity under the Rev. Dr. Hunter, and completed a distinguished academical course in 1783. He was ordained as minister of Tibbermore, Perthshire, on 20 July 1786. He took an active share in presbyterial administration, and early showed his ability as an ecclesiastical politician. On 3 July 1799 he was presented by the town council of Edinburgh to the Old Greyfriars Church as proximate successor to Principal Robertson the historian. The degree of doctor of divinity was conferred upon him by the university of Edinburgh in March 1 804, and he presided as moderator of the general assembly held in that year. He was appointed one of the deans of the Chapel Royal by George III in February 1810, and was continued in the office by William IV. He died on 2 Jan. 1834. Inglis married, in 1798, Maria Moxham Pass- more, daughter of Abraham Passmore, of Rollefarm, Devonshire, and had four sons and one daughter. The youngest son, John, who became lord justice-general of Scotland, is separately noticed.
Inglis's name is principally associated with his scheme for the evangelisation of India. Through his efforts a committee was ap- pointed for this purpose by the general as- sembly on 27 May 1824, and it was largely owing to his perseverance, tact, and energy that the scheme was successfully carried out. As a preacher he was too profound and argu- mentative to catch the popular ear, and his influence was greater in the church, courts than in the pulpit. His principal wotka, all published in Edinburgh, were, besides four single sermons, 1803-26: 1. 'An. Exami- nation of Mr. Dugald Stewart's Pamphlet relative to the election of a Mathematical Professor,' 1805. 2. ' Reply to Professor Play- fair's Letter to the Author,' 1806. 3. 'A Vindication of Christian Faith,' 1830. 4. ' A Vindication of Ecclesiastical Establishments,' 1833. 5. Account of Tibbermore in Sinclair's ' Statistical Account.'
A portrait is in the National Portrait Gal- lery of Scotland.
[Hew Scott's Fasti, i. 44, iv. 668; Cockburn's Memoirs, p. 232.] A. H. M.
INGLIS, JOHN, LORD Gi,ENCOE8E(1810- 1891), lord justice-general of Scotland, youngest son — not eldest, as sometimes stated— of John Inglis [q. v.], minister of Tibbermore, Perthshire, by Maria Moxham Passmore, was born in his father's house in George Square, Edinburgh, on 21 Aug. 1810.
B2
Inglis
After attending the high school of Edinburgh and the university of Glasgow, he entered Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1834 and M.A. in 1836. He was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advo- cates, Edinburgh, in 1835, and soon acquired a reputation as an eloquent and skilful pleader. As an advocate his most famous achievement •was his brilliant defence in 1857 of Madeline Smith, accused of poisoning. The jury re- turned a verdict of not proven.
In politics Inglis was a conservative, and on the accession of Lord Derby to power in February 1852 he was made solicitor-general of Scotland, this office being, after the general election three months later, exchanged for that of lord advocate. He resigned his post on the defeat of Lord Derby's government in No- vember, and was elected immediately after- wards dean of the Faculty of Advocates. On the return of Lord Derby to power in 1858, he again became lord advocate, and on 3 March was returned to the House of Commons as member for Stamford, but his political career was brought to a close on 13 July of the same year, when he was raised to the bench as lord justice-clerk and president of the second divi- sion of the court of session. The only im- portant piece of legislation associated with his name is the Universities of Scotland Act of 1858. Though founded on a bill drafted by his predecessor in office, it was rendered, by the introduction of material modifications, prac- tically a new measure. It met with general approbation, and his services both in preparing it and guiding it through the House of Com- mons were acknowledged by his election to the permanent chairmanship of the commission appointed by the act, and the conferment on him in December 1858 of the degree of doctor of laws by the university of Edinburgh. In 1859 he was also created a D.C.L. by the uni- versity of Oxford. In the same year he was sworn a member of the privy council.
On the death of Lord Colonsay [see MAC- NEILL, DTJNCAN], Inglis was on 26 Feb. 1867 installed lord justice-general of Scotland, and lord president of the court of session, taking the title of Lord Glencorse. Except Lord Stair, no Scottish judge has ranked so high as a jurist. As an exponent of law he owed much to his severe conscientiousness and im- partiality, and to his reverence for Scottish jurisprudence as an independent national system. But his chief strength as a judge lay rather in a ' certain beneficent sagacity, a luminousness of mind, a humanity of in- telligence, which might almost be regarded as unique ' (Scots Observer, 19 July 1890). He was uniformly patient, courteous, and
1 • • /» t
dignified.
Inglis
Outside his judicial duties Inglis did much useful work. He was an active member of the board of manufactures, and, besides ren- dering important services to higher educa- tion in Scotland as permanent chairman of the university commission appointed in 1858, he was a governor of Fettes College, Edin- burgh ; was in 1857 chosen lord rector of King's College, Aberdeen, and in 1865 of the university of Glasgow; and as chancellor of the university of Edinburgh, to which, in opposition to Mr. Gladstone, he was elected in 1869, took a practical share in the admi- nistrationof university affairs. His inaugural addresses at Aberdeen, Glasgow, and Edin- burgh (1869) were published separately. He was president of the Scottish Text Society, and of his antiquarian tastes he gave incidental evidence in 1877 in a privately printed paper on the name of his parish, Glencorse, which was identical with the name of his own estate. The paper was written in protest against a proposal officially to change the name to Glencross. A valuable and succinct paper on ' Montrose and the Covenanters of 1638,' was published in ' Blackwood's Maga- zine ' for November 1887. Its chief aim is to vindicate the character of Montrose. Inglis's 'Historical Study of Law, an Address to the Juridical Society,' appeared at Edinburgh in 1863.
Inglis was a keen golfer, and was once elected to the annual honorary captaincy of the golf club of St. Andrews. On his estate of Glencorse he took a special interest in the cultivation of trees. Though latterly some- what broken in bodily health, he continued in office to the close of his life. He died, after a few days of prostration, at his residence of Loganbank, Midlothian, on 20 Aug. 1891, just before completing his eighty-first year. By his wife Isabella Mary, daughter of the Hon. Lord Wood, a judge of the court of session, he left two sons, A. W. Inglis, secre- tary to the board of manufactures, and H. Herbert Inglis, writer to the signet.
The original portraits of Inglis are a chalk drawing by John Faed, R.S.A., in possession of A. W. Inglis, esq., engraved by Francis Holl, about 1852 ; a full-length portrait by Sir John "Watson Gordon, P.R.S.A., 1854, now in the university of Edinburgh ; a Kit-Cat portrait in his justiciary robes as lord jus- tice-clerk, by Sir Francis Grant, P.R.A., in possession of A. W. Inglis, esq. ; bust in marble by William Brodie, R.S. A., engraved privately for James Hay, esq., Leith, now in the hall of the Parliament House, Edin- burgh; portrait, in a group representing a family shooting-party, by Gourlay Steell, U.S.A., 1867, in possession of A. W. Inglis,
Inglis
esq. ; half-length portrait, in robes of chan- cellor of the university of Edinburgh, by Sir Daniel McNee, afterwards P.R.S.A., 1872, now in the dining-hall of Fettes College, Edinburgh ; full-length portrait, in robes of lord justice-general, by George Reid, P.R.S.A., now in the hall of the Parliament House, Edinburgh ; and water-colour sketch in the possession of J. Irvine Smith, esq., Great King Street, Edinburgh, taken in 1890 by W. Skeoch Cumming, for his picture of the interior of the first division of the court of session.
[Obituary notices in Scotsman and other daily papers of 21 Aug. 1891 ; Scots Observer, 19 July 1890 — 'Modern Men ' series; National Observer, 29 Aug. 1891 ; Journal of Jurispru- dence for September 1891 ; Blackwood's Maga- zine for October 1891 ; information kindly sup- plied by A. W. Inglis, esq.] T. F. H.
INGLIS, SIR JOHN EARDLEY WIL-
MOT (1814-1862), defender of Lucknow, born in Nova Scotia 15 Nov. 1814, was sou of John Inglis, D.D., third bishop of Nova Scotia, and his wife, the daughter of Thomas Cochrane, member of the council of Nova Scotia. Charles Inglis, D.D. [q.v.],first bishop of that colony, was his grandtather. On 2 Aug. 1833 he was appointed ensign by purchase in the 32nd foot (now 1st Cornwall light in- fantry), in which all his regimental service was passed. He became lieutenant in 1839, captain in 1843, major in 1848, brevet lieu- tenant-colonel in 1849, regimental lieutenant- colonel 20 Feb. 1855, brevet-colonel 5 June 1855. He served with the 32nd during the insurrection in Canada in 1837, including the actions at St. Denis and St. Eustache; in the Punjab war of 1848-9, including the first and second sieges of Mooltan, and in the attack on the enemy's position in front of the ad- vanced trenches 12 Sept. 1848, succeeding to the command of the right column of attack on the death of Lieutenant-colonel D. Pat- toun. He commanded the 32nd at Soorj- khoond, and was present at the storm and capture of Mooltan, the action at Cheniote, and the battle of Goojerat (brevet of lieu- tenant-colonel and medal and clasps).
Inglis was in command of the 32nd, lately arrived from the hills, at Lucknow on the outbreak of the mutiny in 1857. He was second in command under Sir Henry Law- rence [q. v.] in the affair at Chinhut, 30 June 1857 (see MALLESON, iii. 276-388), and after- wards in the residency at Lucknow, whither the garrison, numbering 927 European officers and soldiers and 765 loyal native soldiers, •withdrew on 1 July. When Lawrence was mortally wounded on 2 July, Inglis succeeded to the command, at Lawrence's wish, and
; Inglis
defended the place until the arrival of Sir Henry Havelock, 26 Sept. 1857, and remained there until the arrival of Sir Colin Campbell on 18 Nov. (medal). Inglis was wounded during the defence, but was not included in the casualty returns. He was promoted to major-general from 26 Sept. 1857, and made K.C.B. ' for his enduring fortitude and perse- vering gallantry in the defence of the resi- dency of Lucknow for 87 days against an overwhelming force of the enemy ; ' and the legislature of his native colony presented him with a sword of honour, the blade formed of steel from Nova Scotian iron. He commanded a brigade in the attack on Tantia Topee, 6 Dec. 1857 (ib. iv. 188). He was appointed colonel 32nd light infantry 5 May 1860, and soon after was given the command of the troops in the Ionian islands. Inglis died at Hamburg 27 Sept. 1862, aged 47. He was, wrote a contemporary, ' entitled to admira- tion for his unassuming demeanour, friendly warmth of heart, and sincere desire to help by all means in his power every one with whom he came in contact ' ( United Service Mag. November 1862, p. 421). Inglis mar- ried in 1851 the Hon. Julia Selina Thesiger, daughter of the first Lord Chelmsford, who, with her three children, was present in the Lucknow residency throughout the defence.
[Dod's Knightage ; Hart's Army Lists. For particulars of the operations in Canada in 1837 see Henry's Events of a Military Life, London, 1843, ii. 275-311. For accounts of Punjab war see despatches in London Gazettes, 1848-9. For particulars of the defence of the Lucknow re- sidency, see Malleson's Indian Mutiny (ed. 1888- 1889), vols. iii. iv. ; Quarterly Keview, ciii. 505 et seq., and personal narratives there noticed; Professional Papers, Corps of Eoyal Engineers, vol. x. ; obituary notices in Colburn's United Ser- vice Mag. November 1862.] H. M. C.
INGLIS, MES. MARGARET MAX- WELL (1774-1843), Scottish poetess, born on 27 Oct. 1774 at Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire, •was daughter of Dr. Alexander Murray. Her decided literary and musical gifts were de- veloped by a good education. When very young she was married to a Mr. Finlay, who was in the navy, and who soon died in the WTest Indies. After some vears at home with her relatives, Mrs. Finlay, in 1803, be- came the wife of John Inglis, son of the parish minister of Kirkmabreck in East Gal- loway, and an officer in the excise. On his death in 1826, his widow and three children had to depend solely on a small annuity de- volving from his office. Mrs. Inglis now studied hard, and wrote much, publishing in 1828 ' Miscellaneous Collection of Poems, chiefly Scriptural Pieces.' These are gene-
Inglis
Inglis
rally spirited and graceful in expression. One of the lyrics is a memorial tribute to James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, whose manner Mrs. Inglis frequently followed with consi- derable success. She died in Edinburgh on 21 Dec. 1843. According to Rogers, Burns commended her for her exquisite rendering of his songs, especially ' Ca' the yowes to the knowes.'
[Rogers's Scottish Minstrel ; Wilson's Poets and Poetry of Scotland.] T. B.
INGLIS, SIR ROBERT HARRY (1786- 1855), politician, born in London on 12 Jan. 1786, was only son of Sir Hugh Inglis, bart., for many years a director of the East India Company, and sometime M.P. for Ashburton, by his first wife, Catherine, daughter and co- heiress of Harry Johnson of Milton Bryant, Bedfordshire. He was educated at Win- chester and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated 21 Oct. 1803, and graduated B. A. 1806, M. A. 1809, and was created D.C.L. 7 June 1826. He was admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn on 17 July 1806, and acted for some time as private secretary to Lord Sidmouth, an old friend of his father (PEL- LEW, Life of Lord Sidmouth, 1847, iii. 108). In 1814 he was appointed one of the com- missioners for investigating the debts of the nabobs of the Carnatic, an office which he retained to the final close of the commission in March 1830. He was called to the bar on 8 June 1818, but did not attempt to prac- tise, and on 21 Aug. 1820 succeeded his father as the second baronet. On the occasion of the coronation of George IV it is said that he was deputed to meet Queen Caroline at the abbey door in order to intimate to her that the government had determined to re- fuse her admission (Christian Observer, Ixv. 526). At a by-election in May 1824 Inglis was returned to parliament in the tory in- terest for the borough of Dundalk. In "May 1825 he strenuously protested against the third reading of the Roman Catholic Relief Bill, denying that the Roman catholics had either under the treaty of Limerick or under the articles of the union any claim whatever to relief (Par/. Debates, new ser. xiii. 489- 504). At the opening of the new parliament in November 1826 Inglis was without a seat in the House of Commons, but was returned for Ripon at a by-election in February 1828. In the same month he opposed Lord John Russell's motion for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts (ib. xviii. 710-15), and in the following May again protested at length against any concession to the Roman catholic claims (ib. xix. 417-527). In Fe- bruary 1829 he accepted the Chiltern Hun-
dreds to contest the representation of Oxford University against Sir Robert Peel, who had resigned his seat on changing his opinions on the Roman catholic question, in order that his constituents might express an opinion on his policy. Inglis defeated Peel by 755 votes to 609, and continued thenceforth to represent the university until he retired from parliamentary life. On 30 March 1829 he both spoke and voted against the third read- ing of the Roman Catholic Relief Bill (ib. xx. 1596-1609, 1637), and on 1 March 1831 made a learned and elaborate speech against ! the ministerial plan of parliamentary reform | (ib. 3rd ser. ii. 1090-1128). On 12 March j 1831 Inglis was appointed a commissioner • on the public records (Parl. Papers, 1837, vol. xxxiv. pt. i.), and with Hallani made a ! minute examination of all the principal de- positories of records, making a full report to the board on the subject, which was printed ! in April 1833. In May 1832, when the Duke- of Wellington made an abortive attempt to form a ministry for the purpose of carrying- ! a moderate reform bill, Inglis warmly de- j nounced any compromise of the kind (Parl. ' Hist. 3rd ser. xii. 944-8). In February 1833 he protested against Lord Althorp's bill for the reform of the Irish church (ib. xv. 578- 585), and in April 1834 opposed the intro- duction of Grant's Jewish Relief Bill (ib. xxii. 1373) [see GRAXT, SIR ROBERT]. On the presentation of the ' Report of the Eccle- siastical Commissioners for England and Wales' in March 1836, Inglis announced his opposition to the reduction of the episcopal revenues (ib. xxxii. 162-3). In May 1838- he carried an address condemning the foreign slave-trade (ib. xlii. 1122-37). In April 1842r when the income-tax was under discussion, Inglis suggested that not only incomes under ISO/, should be exempted, but that that amount should be deducted from all incomes of a higher value (ib. Ixii. 126-8). In 1845 he led the opposition to the Maynooth grant, and branded the proposed establishment of queen's colleges in Ireland ' as a gigantic scheme of godless education ' (ib. Ixxx. 378). In the following year he opposed the repeal of the corn laws, and in August 1847 was returned at the head of the poll for the uni- versity as a protectionist. In 1851 he sup- ported Lord John Russell's Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill, though in his opinion it was not stringent enough. Inglis retired from parliament at the opening of the session in January 1854, and was sworn a member of the privy council on 11 Aug. following. He died at his house in Bedford Square on 5 May 1855, aged 69.
Inglis was an old-fashioned tory, a strong
Inglis
churchman, with many prejudices and of no great ability. He, however, accurately re- presented the feelings and opinions of the country gentleman of the time, and his genial manner and high character enabled him to exercise a considerable influence over the House of Commons, where he was exceed- ingly popular. He was a frequent speaker in the debates. He supported Lord Ashley in his attempts to amend the factory system. He also took an active part in many learned and religious societies. He was elected a fel- low of the Society of Antiquaries on 22 Feb. 1816, and was for several years one of the vice-presidents. He was also president of the Literary Club and a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1850 was elected the anti- quary of the Royal Academy. He mar- ried, on 10 Feb. 1807, Mary, eldest daughter of Joseph Seymour Biscoe of Pendhill Court, Bletchingley, Surrey, who survived him many years.
In default of issue the baronetcy became extinct upon his death. His portrait, by George Richmond, R.A., was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1855. A verse task of Inglis at Winchester on ' the influence of local attachment' is preserved among the Ad- ditional MSS. in the British Museum (29539, ff. 15-16). The authorship of the ' Sketch of the Life of Sir Hugh Inglis, Bart.' (London, 1821, 8vo, privately printed),is ascribed in the ' Grenville Catalogue ' to his son. There does not, however, appear to be any authority for this, and the pamphlet is identical with the obituary notice given in the fifth volume of the 'Annual Biography and Obituary ' (1821, pp. 320-8).
Inglis published the following works : 1. ' Speech ... in the House of Commons on the Third Reading of the -Roman Catholic Relief Bill,' &c., London, 1825, 8vo. 2. ' On the Roman Catholic Question. Substances of two Speeches delivered in the House of Commons on 10 May 1825 and 9 May 1828. [With an appendix],' London and Oxford, 1828, 8vo. 3. ' Reform. Substance of the Speech delivered in the House of Commons, 1 March 1831, on the Motion of Lord John Russell for a Reform in the Representation,' London, 1831, 8vo. 4. ' Parliamentary Re- form. Substance of the Speech delivered in the House of Commons 17 Dec. 1831,' &c., London, 1832, 8vo. 5. 'The Universities and the Dissenters. Substance of a Speech delivered in the House of Commons . . . 26 March 1834 ... in reference to a Peti- tion from certain Members of the Senate of the University of Cambridge,' London, 1834, 8vo. 6. 'Family Prayers. [By Henry Thorn- ton, edited by R. H. I.],' London, 1834, 8vo ;
Inglis
15th edition, London, 1843, 8vo ; 26th edi- tion, London, 1851, 8vo ; 31st edition, Lon- don, 1854, 8vo. 7. 'Family Commentary upon the Sermon on the Mount. [By H. Thornton, edited by R. H. I.],' London, 1835, 8vo. 8. 'Family Commentary on portions of the Pentateuch ; in Lectures, with Prayers adapted to the Subjects. [By Henry Thorn- ton, edited by R. H. I.],' London, 1837, 8vo. 9. ' Sermons on the Lessons, the Gospel, or the Epistle, for every Sunday in the Year. (Vol. iii., Sermons ... for Week-day Fes- tivals and other Occasions.) [By Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, edited by Inglis],' London, 1837, 8vo, 3 vols. ; 3rd edition, Lon- don, 1838, 8vo, 2 vols. 10. ' Church Exten- sion. Substance of a Speech delivered in the House of Commons ... 30 June 1840,' London, 1840, 8vo. 11. ' Ecclesiastical Courts Bill. Subject of a Speech delivered in the House of Commons ... 10 April 1843,' London, 1843, 8vo. 12. ' On the Ten Com- mandments: Lectures [with the text] by . . . H. Thornton . . . with Prayers by the Editor (R. H. I.),' London, 1843, 8vo. 13. ' Female Characters. [By Henry Thorn- ton, with a preface by Inglis],' London, 1846, 8vo. 14. ' The Jew Bill. Substance of a Speech delivered in the House of Commons 16 Dec. 1847,' London, 1848, 8vo. 15. ' The Universities. Substance of a Speech . . . in the House of Commons ... 23 April 1850,' London, 1850, 8vo. 16. ' Parochial Schools of Scotland. Substance of a Speech delivered in the House of Commons 4 June 1851,' London, 1851, 8vo. 17. ' Universities ; Scotland. Substance of a Speech delivered in the House of Commons . . . against the Second Reading of the Bill to regulate the Admission of Professors to the Lay Chairs in the Universities of Scotland,' London, 1853, 8vo.
[Fraser's Mag. 1846, xxxiv. 648-53; Christian Observer, 1865, Ixv. 521-7, 610-19; Random Ee- collections of the House of Commons, 1836, pp. 127-30; Eyall's Portraits of Eminent Conserva- tives, Istser. (with portrait) ; Illustrated London News, 21 Jan. 1854 (with portrait), 12 May 1855 ; Times, 7 May 1855 ; Walpole's Hist, of England from 1815, vols. ii-v. ; Ann. Eeg. 1855, App. to Chron. pp. 272-3; Gent. Mag. 1855, new ser. xliii. 640-1; Burke's Peerage, &c., 1857, p. 500 b; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1885, ii. 728 ; Official Ee- turn of Lists of Members of Parliament, pt. ii. pp. 298, 305, 309, 319, 332, 344, 355, 369, 385, 403, 420 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] G. F. E. B.
INGLIS, SIB WILLIAM (1764-1835), general, born in 1764, was the third son of William Inglis, M.D. His father was three times president of the College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, and descended from the Inglis
Inglis
8
Inglis
family of Manner and Mannerhead, Rox- burghshire. The son was appointed on 11 Oct. 1779 ensign in the 57th regiment, which he joined at New York in 1781 ; he continued to serve in America till 1791. In 1793 he ac- companied the expedition to Flanders, and afterwards that to Normandy and Brittany. He returned to Flanders, was present in Nimeguen during the siege, and took part in the retreat through Holland and Westphalia in the winter of 1 794-5. In 1796, having at- tained the rank of major, he commanded a detachment of the 57th at the siege and fall of Morne Fortune, St. Lucia, and the capture of the island, and received the special thanks of Sir John Moore, to whom, until the arrival of the headquarters of the regiment, he was second in command. After assisting in the reduction of the insurgent force at Grenada, be in 1797 accompanied his regiment to Tri- nidad, whence he returned to England in the latter end of 1802. Having obtained the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel, he was in 1803 employed informing a second battalion of the regiment. This done, he rejoined the first battalion, succeeded to its command in 1805, accompanied it in the November of that year to Gibraltar, and in 1809 embarked with it to join the army under Sir Arthur "Wellesley in the Peninsula. The 57th was attached to the brigade commanded by Major- general Richard Stewart, which formed part of General Hill's division ; but, in conse- quence of General Stewart's illness, the bri- gade command devolved on Inglis at Sarce- dos, and he continued to hold the command during the movements previous to the battle of Busaco, at that battle (September 1810), and in the subsequent retreat to the lines before Lisbon. During the pursuit of Massena from Santarem Inglis again commanded the bri- gade, and took part in the affair at Pombal. After being present at Campo Mayor, Los Santos, and the first siege of Badajoz, Inglis commanded the 57th at the battle of Al- buera (May 1811), where the brigade was under the command of General Houghton, till the death of that officer again placed In- glis in brigade command.
At Albuera the 57th occupied a position I as important as it was deadly. ' Die hard ! ! 57th,' said Inglis, ' die hard ! ' They obeyed, and the regiment is known as the 'Die-hards ' to this day. Inglis, besides having a horse shot under him, received a four-ounce grape- shot in the neck, which, after he had carried it about with him for two days, was extracted from behind his shoulder. Twenty-three offi- cers and 415 rank and file, out of 579, were among the killed and wounded ; not a man was missing. ' It was observed,' wrote Mar-
shal Beresford, ' that our dead, particularly the 57th, were lying as they fought, in ranks, and every wound was in front.' ' Nothing,' he added, ' could exceed the conduct and gallantry of Colonel Inglis at the head of his regiment.' When the 57th was engaged at Inkerman on 5 Nov. 1854, ' Men, remember Albuera ! ' were the words of encouragement used by the officer in command, Captain Ed- ward Stanley, just before he fell, and it de- volved on Inglis's elder son, Captain William Inglis, to lead the regiment out of action (KiNGLAKE, Hist, of Crimean War).
Inglis was sent home after Albuera to re- cover from his wound, but he soon returned to the Peninsula, and when able to take the field was appointed brigadier-general to com- mand the first brigade of the seventh divi- sion, consisting of the 51st and 68th regi- ments of light infantry, the first battalion of the 82nd, and the Chasseurs Britanniques. The division was commanded by Lieutenant-
feneral the Earl of Dalhousie. In June 1813, nglis, who had been made a major-general, marched with his brigade from St. Estevan, and on 8 July gained the top of the range of mountains immediately above Maya, over- looking the flat country of France, and occu- pying the passes of Maya and Echallar. On 25 July, the French having succeeded in turning the British right, that flank was thrown back, and retired in the direction of Pamplona, in the neighbourhood of which town a series of engagements took place. It was on 30 July, during the engagement known as the second battle of Sauroren, that Inglis was ordered to possess himself of the crest of a high mountain occupied by the enemy, commanding the high road which passed between that position and their main body. ' General Inglis,' writes Napier, ' one of those veterans who purchase every step of promotion with their blood, advancing on the left with only five hundred men of the seventh division, broke at one shock the two French regiments covering Chauzel's right, and drove down into the valley of Lanz. He lost, indeed, one-third of his own men, but, instantly spreading the remainder in skirmish- ing order along the descent, opened a biting fire upon the left of Conroux's division, which was then moving up the valley from Sau- roren, sorely amazed and disordered by this sudden fall of two regiments from the top of the mountain into the midst of the column.' Wellington, in his despatch, gives the highest credit to the conduct and execution 01 this attack. The strength of the enemy, accord- ing to their own computation, exceeded two thousand men, while, from the occupation of a part of his brigade elsewhere, the force
Inglott
Ingoldsby
which Inglis could employ is placed by one estimate as low as 445 bayonets. The casual- ties in this small force amounted to 145. Inglis had a horse shot under him. The brigade was further engaged in the actions of the following days. On 31 Aug. 1813, the day on which San Sebastian was taken, In- glis's brigade took an active part in the com- bat of Vera, having been ordered to support the 9th Portuguese brigade in Sir Lowry Cole's division. The fight was a severe one. Inglis again had a horse shot under him. Lord Dalhousie, in referring Wellington for details of the operations to Inglis's report, re- marked : ' The 1st brigade had to sustain the attack of two divisions of the enemy on a strong and wooded hill ; the loss there was unavoidable.' On 10 Nov. the seventh divi- sion marched to the embouchure of the Puerto d'Echallar, and Inglis's 1st brigade, after carry ing the fortified heights above the village of Sure, received orders from Marshal Beres- ford to cross the Nivelle by a wooden bridge on the left and attack the heights above. The heights were carried after a severe struggle. On 23 Feb. 1814 the brigade was again en- gaged with the enemy near the village of Airgave. On the 27th it had a considerable share in the battle of Orthez. The general's horse was struck.
For these services Inglis, with other gene- ral officers, received the thanks of both houses of parliament. In 1825 he became a lieu- tenant-general. He was created a knight commander of the Bath, appointed lieutenant- governor of Kinsale, and subsequently gover- nor of Cork (January 1829). Finally, on 16 April 1830, he was appointed colonel of the 57th. He died at Ramsgate on 29 Nov. 1835, and was buried in Canterbury Cathe- dral.
Inglis married in 1822 Margaret Mary Anne, eldest daughter of Lieutenant-general William Raymond of the Lee, Essex, and had two sons, the General William Inglis mentioned above (1823-1888), and Major Raymond Inglis (1826-1880).
[Napier's Peninsular War; Wellington Des- patches ; United Service Journal, February 1836 ; Philippart's Koyal Mil. Cal.] W. E. LL.
INGLOTT, WILLIAM (1554-1621), mu- sician, was born in 1554, and became organist of Norwich Cathedral. He was noted for his skill as a player on the organ and vir- ginals. His name appears as a composer in the manuscript volume (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge) known as ' Queen Elizabeth's Virginal Book,' but none of his works are now known. He died at Norwich in De- cember 1621, and was buried in the cathe-
dral, where a monument was erected to his memory in 1622. About ninety years after- wards the monument, having fallen into dis- repair, was restored at the expense of Dr. William Croft [q. v.] An engraving of it as restored may be seen in the 'Posthumous Works of Sir Thomas Browne,' 1712, and the eulogistic inscription is printed by Hawkins.
[Hawkins's Hist, of Music, v. 22, 23 ; Grove's Diet, of Music, ii. 3.] J. C. H.
INGMETHORPE, THOMAS (1562- 1638), schoolmaster, born in 1562, was a native of Worcestershire. He matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford, in the end of May 1581, graduated B.A. from St. Mary Hall in 1584, and proceeded M. A. from Brase- nose in 1586 (Oaf. Univ. J?e?.,Oxf. Hist. Soc., ii. iii. 119). In 1594 he received the living of Stainton-in-Strata, Durham, and about 1610 was also head-master of Durham School. But he was ultimately deprived of his mastership for ' a reflecting sermon ' against Ralph Ton- stall, prebendary of Durham Cathedral, and retired to Stainton, where he taught a few boys. Wood speaks of him as a famous school- master, and eminent in the Hebrew iongue. He held the living of Stainton till his death in November 1638, and was buried there. He published several sermons, of which three are in the Bodleian Library. 1. ' Upon Part (w. 3-6) of the 2nd chapter of the 1st Epistle of St. John,' Oxford, 1598, 8vo. 2. « Upon the same chapter (vv. 21-3), wherein the present state of the Papacie is in parte but impartially represented, and showed to be . . . plaine Anti-christian,' London, 1609, 4to. 3. ' Upon the Wordes of St. Paul, Rom. xiii. 1 . . . wherein the Pope's Sovereignitie over Princes is refuted,' London, 1619, 4to. Be- sides these sermons Wood mentions ' A Short Catechism for Young Children to learn by Law authorized,' London, 1633> 8vo, and there is in the British Museum Library ' A short Catechism . . . Translated into He- brew by T. I.,' 1633, 8vo.
[Wood's Athenae (Bliss), iv. 592 ; Surtees's Durham, iii. 64.] E. T. B.
INGOLDSBY, SIR RICHARD (rf. regicide, was the second son of Sir Richard Ir-goldsby of Lenthenborough, Buckingham- shire, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Oliver 1O/,, . Cromwell of Hinchinbrook, Huntingdon- shire. He was educated at Thame grammar school (CKOKE, History of the Family of Croke, 1823, p. 616; WOOD, Fasti, sub ann. 1649). At the outbreak of the civil war he held a captain's commission in Hampden's regiment, and in 1645 was colonel of a regi- ment of foot in the ' New Model ' (PEACOCK,
Ingoldsby
10
Army Lists, pp. 46, 105). He was detached by Fairfax in May 1645 to relieve Taunton, and was therefore not present at Naseby, but took part in the storming of Bridgwater and Bristol, and in Fairfax's campaign in the west (SPRIGGE, Anglia Rediviva, ed. 1854, pp. 19, 77, 107, 120). In the quarrel between the parliament and the army in 1647 Ingoldsby, whose regiment garrisoned Oxford, took part with the army. The regiment was ordered to be disbanded at two o'clock on 14 June 1647, and 3,500/. sent to pay it off. The money was recalled by a subsequent vote, but had already reached Oxford, and was forcibly seized by the soldiers, who attacked and routed its escort (WooD, Annals, ii. 508 ;' RTTSHWORTH, vi. 493, 499). The regiment was also one of the first to petition against the treaty at Newport, and to demand the punishment of the king (ib. vii. 1311 ; The Moderate, 31 Oct.-7 Nov. 1648). Ingoldsby himself was appointed one of the king's judges, and signed the death-warrant, but does not appear to have been present at any of the previous sittings of the court (NALSON, Trial of Charles I, 1684). At the Restora- tion he asserted that his signature had been extorted by force, ' Cromwell taking his hand in his and, putting the pen between his fingers, with his own hand writ Richard Ingoldsby, he making all the resistance he could ' (CLA- RENDON, Rebellion, xvi. 225). But the name is remarkably clearly written, shows no sign of any constraint, and is attested by In- goldsby's family seal.
Ingoldsby's regiment, which was deeply imbued with the principles of the levellers, broke out into mutiny in September 1649, made New College their headquarters, and confined their colonel in one of the Oxford inns; but he was released by the courage of Captain Wagstaffe, with whose aid he quickly suppressed the revolt {The Moderate, 11-18 Sept. 1649 ; Proceedings of the Oxford Architectural and Historical Society, No- vember 1884).
On 4 Oct. 1647 Ingoldsby was elected M.P. for Wendover, and represented Buck- inghamshire in the parliaments of 1654 and 1656 (Old Parl. Hist. xx. 497, xxi. 4; Re- turn of Members of Parliament, i. 485). He was chosen one of the council of state in November 1652, and was summoned to Crom- well's House of Lords in December 1657 (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1651-2, p. 505). In the ' Second Narrative of the late Parlia- ment' (1658) he is described as 'a gentleman of courage and valour, but not very famous for any great exploits, unless for beating the honest innkeeper of Aylesbury in White-hall,' ' no great friend to the sectaries,' and, accord-
ing to common report, 'can neither pray nor preach' (Harleian Miscellany, iii. 482, ed. Park).
In 1659, when the officers of the army began to agitate against Itichard Cromwell, Ingoldsby vigorously supported the new Pro- tector, who was his own kinsman. ' Here is Dick Ingoldsby, who can neither pray nor preach, and yet I will trust him before ye all,' said the Protector ; ' which imprudent and irreligious words,' writes Ludlow, ' were soon published to his great prejudice' (Me- moirs, ed. 1751, p. 241). On the fall of Ri- chard Cromwell, Ingoldsby lost his command and, seeing the Restoration at hand, entered into negotiation with the agents of Charles II (BAKER, Chronicle, ed. Phillips, pp. 657, 660 ; Clarendon State Papers, iii. 489, 650). The Earl of Northampton, in representing In- goldsby's merits to the king, states that his conversion was free and unconditional. ' He would never listen to any discourse of reward, but still declared that your pardon and for- giveness of his former errors was all that he aimed at, and that his whole life should be spent in studying to deserve it' (CARTE, Original Letters, ii. 333). As he was a regi- cide, the king refused to promise him in- demnity, and left him to earn a pardon by signal services (CLARENDON, Rebellion, xvi. 226). Accordingly, in the struggle between the parliament and the army Ingoldsby ener- getically backed the former, and on 28 Dec. 1659 received its thanks for seizing Windsor Castle (Old Parl. Hist. xxii. 34). Monck ap- pointed him to command Colonel Rich's regi- ment (February 1660), and sent him to sup- press Lambert's intended rising (18 April 1660). On 22 April he met Lambert's forces near Daventry, arrested him as he endeavoured to fly, and brought him in triumph to London (KENNETT, Register, pp. 68, 120; CLARENDON, Rebellion, xvi. 148). Ingoldsby was thanked by the House of Commons 26 April 1660 ( Commons' Journals, viii. 2), and was not only spared the punishment which befell the rest of the regicides, but was created a knight of the Bath at the coronation of Charles II, 20 April 1661 (KENNETT, Register, p. 411).
In the four parliaments of Charles II, In- goldsby represented Aylesbury. He died in 1685, and was buried in Hartwell Church, Buckinghamshire, on 16 Sept. 1685. He married Elizabeth, second daughter of Sir George Croke of Waterstock, Oxfordshire, and widow of Thomas Lee of Hartwell(CROKE, p. 605 ; NOBLE, House of Cromwell, ii. 190).
Sir Richard Ingoldsby is sometimes con-* fused with his younger brother, SIR HENRY INGOLDSBY (1622-1701), who commanded a regiment in Ireland under Cromwell and <
Ingoldsby
Ireton, represented the counties of Kerry, Limerick, and Clare in the parliaments of 1654, 1056, and 1659, and had the singular fortune to be created a baronet both by the Protector (31 March 1658) and by Charles II (30 Aug. 1660) (ib. ii. 184 ; Life of Anthony Wood, ed. 1848, p. 51).
[Crake's Hist, of the Family of Croke, 1823 ; Noble's House of Cromwell, ed. 1787, ii. 181; Wood's Athenae Oxon. ed. Bliss ; a pedigree is also given in the Genealogist, July 1886.]
C. H. F.
INGOLDSBY, RICHARD (d. 1712), lieutenant-general, commander of the forces in Ireland, does not appear in the family pedigree given by Lipscombe (Buckingham- shire, ii. 169), but is probably correctly de- scribed by Sir Alexander Croke (Hist, of Croke, genealogy No. 33) as the son of Sir George Ingoldsby or Ingoldesby, a soldier, who was a younger brother of the regicide, Sir Richard Ingoldsby [q. v.] ; married an Irish lady of the name of Gould ; was knighted, and was killed in the Dutch wars. Richard In-
foldsby obtained his first commission 13 July 667. Beyond the statement that he adhered to the protestant cause in 1688, and was employed under King William, the military records afford no information respecting him until 1692, when he held the rank of colonel, and was appointed adjutant-general of the ex- pedition to the coast of France (Home Office Military Entry Book, ii. f. 282 ; MACATJLAY, Hist, of England, iv. 290 et seq.) He was appointed colonel of the Royal Welsh fusi- liers, vice Sir John Morgan deceased, 28 Feb. 1693, and commanded the regiment under King William in Flanders, being present at the famous siege of Namur. In 1696 he be- came a brigadier-general. He appears to have been in Ireland from 1697 to 1701. Lut- trell mentions his committal to prison for carrying a challenge from Lord Kerry to the Irish chancellor, Methuen, and his re- lease by order of the king on 5 Jan. 1697-8 (Relation of State Affairs, v. 326-8). He ' had command of the troops sent from Ire- land to Holland in November 1701, and commanded a division under Marlborough in | 1702-6, and in the attack on Schellenburg. j At the battle of Blenheim he was second in command of the first line under Charles Churchill (Marlborough Desp. i. 401, 407). He became a major-general in 1702, and lieutenant-general in 1704. In 1705 he was transferred to the colonelcy of the 18th royal } Irish foot from the royal Welsh fusiliers, and appears to have been sent to Ireland on a mission relating to reinforcements for Marl- borough's army. Marlborough refers to him
r Ingoldsby
as sick at Ghent in 1706 (ib.), in which year he commanded the British troops at the siege of Ath. In 1707 he was appointed one of the comptrollers of army clothing (LTJTTKELL, vi. 270), and was made commander of the forces, master of the horse, and general of artillery in Ireland, posts which he held up to his death. He -sat for Limerick in the Irish parliament from 1703. In the absence of the lord-lieutenant, Ormonde, Ingoldsby acted as one of the lords j ustices. In a letter dated 6 Oct. 1709 Marlborough is glad 'to learn that my endeavours to do you justice have succeeded to your satisfaction ' (Marl- bqrough Desp. iv. 638). Ingoldsby died in Dublin on 11 (27 ?) Jan. 1712, and was buried in Christ Church. He appears to have had a son, an officer in the royal Welsh fusiliers- when commanded by Brigadier Sabine (ib. vol. v.) ' Swift (Letters to Stella) and Lut- trell cause some obscurity by occasionally styling him ' brigadier ' after his promotion, to higher rank. In the British Museum Catalogue he is indexed as ' Colonel ' Richard Ingoldsby in 1706 (Addit. MS. 23642, f. 18). Ingoldsby had a contemporary namesake in the service, a Colonel Richard Ingoldsby , who was made major and captain of one of the independent companies of foot in garrison at New York 10 Sept. 1690 (Home Office Mili- tary Entry Book, ii. f. 161), was sometime lieutenant-governor of the province of New York (Cal. State Papers, 1697-1707), and died a colonel about 1720 (Treas. Paperst ecxxxiii. 50).
INQOLDSBY, RICHARD (d. 1759), brigadier- general, was son of Thomas Ingoldsby, who was high sheriff of Buckinghamshire in 172Q and M.P. for Aylesbury in 1727-34, and died in 1760. His mother was Anne, daugh- ter of Hugh Limbrey of Tangier Park, Hamp- shire. Sir Richard Ingoldsby [q. v.] the regi- cide was his great-grandfather, and the elder Richard Ingoldsby was a: distant cousin. He was appointed ensign 1st foot-guards 28 Aug.. 1708, became lieutenant and captain 24 May 1711, and captain and lieutenant-colonel 11 Jan. 1715. He was second major of his. regiment in Flanders, and was appointed a. brigadier of foot by the Duke of Cumberland (MACLACHLAN, pp. 65, 189-92). The night before Fontenoy (11 May 1745) he was sta- tioned on the British right, with the 12th (Duroure's) and 1 3th (Pulteney's) regiments of foot, the 42nd highlanders, and the Hanoverian regiment of Zastrow. They were ordered to take a French redoubt or masked battery called the Fort d'Eu, a vital point ; cavalry support was promised. Ingoldsby advanced to the attack, but met with such a warm reception from the French light troops in the adjacent -
Ingram
12
Ingram
•wood that he fell back and sent to ask for artillery. Further delays and blunders fol- lowed; the cavalry never came, and when Cumberland's last advance was made, In- goldsby was wounded and Fort d'Eu remained untaken, so that the guards, on gaining the crest of the French position, were exposed to a reverse fire from it. Ingoldsby was afterwards brought before a court-martial or council of war, as it was called, at Lessines, of which Lord Dunmore, commanding the 3rd foot-guards, was president, was found guilty of not having obeyed the Duke of Cum- berland's orders, and was sentenced ' to be suspended from pay and duty during his highness's pleasure.' The duke then named three months to allow Ingoldsby time to dispose of his company and retire, which he did. The king refused to allow him to dis- pose of the regimental majority, which on 20 Nov. 1745 was given to Colonel John Laforey. A letter from Ingoldsby appealing piteously to the Duke of Cumberland is in the British Museum Addit. MS. 32704, f. 46. Ingoldsby appears to have retained the title of brigadier-general after leaving the army. He died in Lower Grosvenor Street, Lon- don, 16 Dec. 1759, and was buried at the family seat, Hartwell, Buckinghamshire. His widow, named in the burial register Catherine, died 28 Jan. 1789, and was buried in the same place. Letters from this lady, signed ' C. Jane Ingoldsby,' appealing to the Duke of Newcastle on behalf of her husband, and finally asking for a widow's pension of 50Z., are in Addit, MSS. 32709 f. 265, 32717 f. 313, 32902 f. 242, at the British Museum.
[Home Office Military Entry Books, vols. ii- viii. ; Marlborough Despatches ; Cannon's Hist. Eec. 18th Royal Irish Foot and 23rd Royal Welsh Fusiliers ; Cal. State Papers, Treasury, under dates. Collections of Ingoldsby letters are noted among the Marquis of Ormonde's and Duke of Marlborough's papers in Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. 426, 7th Rep. 761 6, 8th Rep. pt. i. 32 a, 35 b, 37 a, 38 b, 40a. Lipscombe's Bucking- hamshire, ii. 1 69 ; Hamilton's Hist. Grenadier Guards, ii. 119 et seq., and Roll of Officers in vol. iii. ; A. N. C. Maclachlan's Orders of Wil- liam, Duke of Cumberland, London, 1876, in which Ingoldsby's Christian name is wrongly
given ' James ; ' The Case of Brigadier I y,
London, 1746.] H. M. C.
INGRAM, SIB ARTHUR (d. 1642), courtier, was son of Hugh Ingram, a native of Thorp-on-the-Hill, Yorkshire, who made a fortune as a linendraper in London, by Anne, daughter of Richard Goldthorpe, haberdasher, lord mayor of and M.P. for York (FosiEE, Yorkshire Pedigrees, vol. i.) fie became a successful merchant in Fen-
church Street, London, and acquired the manor of Temple Newsam, where he built a splendid mansion, and other estates in Yorkshire. In buying estates his practice was to pay half the purchase-money down, then, pretending to detect some flaw in the title, he would compel the seller to have re- course to a chancery suit. In this way he ruined many. Ingram was fond of lavish expenditure ; often placed his purse at the service of the king, and thus rendered him- self an acceptable person at court. In 1604 he was appointed comptroller of the customs of the port of London, and on 21 Oct. 1607 the office was conferred on him for life. He was chosen M.P. for Stafford on 1 Nov. 1609, for Romney, Kent, in 1614, for Appleby, Westmoreland, in 1620-1, and again for that borough, Old Sarum, and York in 1623-4, when he elected to serve for York, being re- elected in 1625, 1625-6, and 1627-8. In 1640 a Sir Arthur Ingram (possibly Ingram's eldest son, who had been knighted on 16 July 1621) was returned for New Windsor and Callington, Cornwall (METCALFE, Book of Knights, p. 178).
Ingram was himself knighted on 9 July 1613 (ib. p. 164). In March 1612 he was appointed one of the secretaries of the coun- cil of the north, and about the same time undertook to carry on the royal alum works in Yorkshire, paying the king an annual sum of 9,000/. (cf. Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1623-5, pp. 44, 336-7, 360). The specula- tion proved a loss. When occupied with the affairs of the northern council he lived prin- cipally in a large and splendidly furnished house on the north side of York Minster. In February 1614-15 he was sworn cofferer of the king's household, but was removed from the office in April following at the in- stigation of the courtiers, who objected to his plebeian birth. He was high sheriff of Yorkshire in 1620. At the instance of Sir John Bourchier, who pretended to have dis- covered in the alum accounts a deficiency of 50,000/., Ingram was arrested and brought up to London in October 1624 (Court and Times of James I, ii. 484), but he appears to have cleared himself to the satisfaction of the king. In 1640 he built the hospital which bears his name in Bootham, York. Charles I, who occupied Ingram's house during his long sojourn at York in 1642, would have made him a peer for a money consideration had he dared (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1641- 1643, p. 41). Ingram must have died at York in 1642, for his will (registered in P. C. C. 107, Cambell) was proved in that year. He married, first, Susan, daughter of Richard Brown of London ; secondly, Alice, daughter of Mr.
Ingram
Ingram
Ferrers, citizen of London ; and, thirdly, Mary, daughter of Sir Edward Grevile of Milcote, Warwickshire. He had issue by each mar- riage.
[Cartwright's Chapters in the Hist, of York- shire ; Court and Times of James I ; Davies's Walks through York ; Earl of Strafford's Let- ters (Knowler), i. 6, 28, 29, 30; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1611-18 ; Yorkshire Archaeolog. and Topogr. Journal, vols. ii. v. vii. viii.]
G. G.
INGRAM, DALE (1710-1793), surgeon, was born in 1710, and, after apprenticeship and study in the country, began practice at Reading, Berkshire, in 1733, and there, in 1743, published ' An Essay on the Gout.' Later in that year he emigrated to Barbadoes, where he practised till 1750, when he re- turned to England and set up as a surgeon and man midwife on Tower Hill, London. In 1751 he published ' Practical Cases and Observations in Surgery,' his most important work. It contains records of cases observed in England and the West Indies. He de- scribes one successful and one unsuccessful operation in cases of abdominal wounds pene- trating the bowel. He washed the intestine with hot claret, and then stitched the perito- neum to the edge of the wound and the ab- dominal wall. The procedure is one of the earliest English examples of a method of sur- gery which has only been universally adopted within the last few years. In 1754 he went to live in Fenchurch Street, London, and in 1755 published ' An Historical Account of the several Plagues that have appeared in the World since the year 1 346.' It is a mere compilation. On 24 Jan. 1759 he was elected from among five candidates to the office of surgeon to Christ's Hospital, and thence- forward resided there. He sometimes visited Epsom, and in 1767 published ' An Enquiry as to the Origin of Magnesia Alba, the principal saline ingredient of the Epsom springs. A controversy had arisen as to the cause of death of a potman who had received a blow on the head in an election riot at Brentford in 1769, and he published a lengthy pamphlet entitled ' The Blow, or Inquiry into the Cause of Mr. Clarke's Death at Brent- ford,' which demonstrates that blood-poison- ing arising from an ill-dressed scalp wound was the true cause of death. In 1777 he published ' A Strict and Impartial Inquiry into the Cause of Death of the late William Scawen,' an endeavour to prove that poison had not been administered. In 1790 it was stated that he was too old for his work at Christ's Hospital, and as he would not resign he was superseded in 1791. He died at Epsom on 5 April 1793.
[Works ; original journals of Court of Go- vernors of Christ's Hospital, examined by per- mission of the treasurer ; original lists of sur- geons in London at Koyal College of Surgeons ; Index Catalogue of Library of Surgeon-General's Office, Washington, U.S.A. ; original parish regis- ters of St. Bartholomew the Less, St. Sepulchre- extra-Newgate and Christ Church, Newgate Street ; Gent. Mag. 1 793, pt. i. p. 380.] N. M.
INGRAM, HERBERT (1811-1860), pro- prietor of the ' Illustrated London News,' was born at Boston, Lincolnshire, on27 May 1811, and was educated at the Boston free school. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to Joseph Clarke, printer, Market Place, Boston. From 1832 to 1834 he worked as a journey- man printer in London, and about 1834 settled! at Nottingham as a printer, bookseller, and1 newsagent, in partnership with his brother- in-law, Nathaniel Cooke. In company with his partner he soon afterwards purchased from T. Roberts, a druggist at Manchester, a re- ceipt for an aperient pill, and employed a schoolmaster to write its history. Ingram claimed to have received from a descendant of Thomas Parr, known as Old Parr, who was said to have lived to the age of one hundred and fifty-two, the secret method of preparing a vegetable pill to which Parr's length of life- was attributed {Medical Circular, 23 Feb. 1853, pp. 146-7, 2 March, pp. 167-8). Mainly in order to advertise the pill its proprietors removed to London in 1842.
Meanwhile Ingram had projected an illus- trated newspaper. He had long noticed how the demand for the 'Weekly Chronicle' in- creased on the rare occasions when it con- tained woodcuts, and on 14 May 1842 he and his partner produced the first number of the 'Illustrated London News.' Their original design was to make it an illustrated weekly record of crime, but Henry Vizetelly, who was employed on the paper, persuaded Ingram to give it a more general character. The- Bow Street police reports were, however, il- lustrated by Crowquill. The first number of the paper, published at sixpence, contains sixteen printed pages and thirty-two wood- cuts, and twenty-six thousand copies were circulated. The best artists and writers of the day were employed. Frederick William- Naylor Bayley, known as Alphabet Bayley, or Omnibus Bayley, was the editor, and John Timbs was the working editor. The news- paper steadily advanced in public favour, and" soon had a circulation of sixty-six thousand copies. The Great Exhibition of 1851 gave- it a further impetus, and in 1852 a quarter of a million copies of the shilling number illus- trating the funeral of the Duke of Wellington are said to have been sold. At Christmas
Ingram
1855 the first number containing coloured prints was brought out. High prices were charged for advertisements, and the average profit on the paper became 12,000/. a year. The success of the enterprise caused Andrew Spottiswoode, the queen's printer, to start a rival paper, the ' Pictorial Times,' inwhich he lost 20,000/., and then sold it to Ingram, who afterwards merged it in a venture of his own, the ' Lady's Newspaper.' Another rival was the 'Illustrated Times,' commenced by Henry Vizetelly on 9 June 1855, which also came into Ingram's hands, and in 1861 was incorpo- rated with the 'Penny Illustrated Paper.' On 8 Oct. 1857he purchased from George Stiff the copyright and plant of the ' London Journal,' a weekly illustrated periodical of tales and romances, for 24,0007. (Ingram v. Stiff, 1 Oct. 1859, in The Jurist Reports, 1860, v. pt. i. pp. 947-8). Elated by the success of the ' Illustrated London News,' Ingram, on 1 Feb. 1848, started the 'London Telegraph,' in which he proposed to give daily for three- pence as much news as the other journals supplied for fivepence. The paper was pub- lished at noon, so as to furnish later intelli- gence than the morning papers. It com- menced with a novel, ' The Pottleton Legacy,' ty Albert Smith, but the speculation was un- profitable, and the last number appeared on 9 July 1848.
Ingram and Cooke, besides publishing newspapers, brought out many books, chiefly illustrated works. In 1848 the partnership was dissolved, and the book-publishing branch of the business was taken over by Cooke. From 7 March 1856 till his death Ingram was M.P. for Boston. In an evil hour he made the acquaintance of John Sadleir [q. v.], M.P. for Sligo, a junior lord of the treasury, and lie innocently allowed Sadleir to use his name in connection with fraudulent companies started by Sadleir and his brother James, chiefly in Ireland. After the suicide of Sadleir on 16 Feb. 1856, documents were found among his papers which enabled Vincent Scully, formerly member for Sligo, to bring against Ingram an action for recovery of some losses incurred by him owing to Sadleir's frauds \Law Mag. and Law Review, February 1862, pp. 279-81). The verdict went against In- gram, but the judge and jury agreed that his honour was unsullied. He left England with liis eldest son in 1859, partly for his health, and partly to provide illustrations of the Prince of Wales's tour in America. In 1860 he visited the chief cities of Canada. On
7 Sept. he took passage at Chicago on board the steamer Lady Elgin for an excursion through Lake Michigan to Lake Superior. On
8 Sept. the ship was sunk in a collision with
4 Ingram
another vessel, and he and his son, with almost all the passengers and crew, were drowned. Ingram's body was found, and buried in Bos- ton cemetery, Lincolnshire, on 5 Oct. A statue was erected to Ingram's memory at Boston in 1862. He married, on 4 July 1843, Anne Little of Eye, Northamptonshire.
His youngest son, WALTER IXGRAM (1855- 1888), became an officer of the Middlesex yeomanry, and studied military tactics with great success. At the outset of Lord Wolse- ley's expedition to Khartoum in 1884, In- gram ascended the Nile in his steam launch, joined the brigade of Sir Herbert Stewart in its march across the desert, was attached to Lord Charles Beresford's naval corps, and took part in the battles of Abu Klea and Metammeh, after which he accompanied Sir Charles Wil- son and Lord Charles Beresford up the Nile to within sight of Khartoum. His services were mentioned in a despatch, and he was re- warded with a medal (SiR C. WILSON, From Korti to Khartoum, 1886, p. 120; Times, 11 April 1888, p. 5). He was killed by an elephant while on a hunting expedition near Berbera, on the east coast of Africa, on 6 April 1888.
[Mackay's Forty Years' Recollections, 1877, ii. 64-7-5 ; Jackson's Pictorial Press, 1885, pp. 284-311, with portrait; Hatton's Journalistic London, 1882, pp. 24, 221-39, with portrait; Bourne's English Newspaper Press, 1887, ii. 119- 124, 226-7, 235, 251, 294-8 ; Grant's News- paper Press, 1872, iii. 129-32 ; Andrews's British Journalism, 1859, ii. 213, 255-6, 320, 336,338, 340; Bookseller, 26 Sept. 1860, p. 558; Gent. Mag. November 1860, pp. 554-6 ; Annual Register, 1860, pp. 154-6; Times, 24 Sept. 1860, p. 7, 27 Sept. p. 1 0 ; Illustrated London News, 29 Sept. I860, p. 285, 6 Oct. pp. 306-7, with portrait, 26 Sept. 1863, pp. 306, 309, with view of statue ; Boston Gazette, 29 Sept. and 6 Oct. I860.]
G. C. B.
INGRAM, JAMES (1774-1850), Anglo- Saxon scholar and president of Trinity Col- lege, Oxford, son of John Ingram, was born 21 Dec. 1774, at Codford St. Mary, near Salis- bury, where his family had possessed property for several generations. He was sent to War- minster School in 1785, and entered as a com- moner at Winchester in 1790. On 1 Feb. 1793 he was admitted a commoner at Trinity College, Oxford, and was elected scholar of the college 16 June 1794. He graduated B.A. in 1796, M.A. in 1800, and B.D. in 1808 ; was for a time an assistant master at Winchester ; became fellow of Trinity College 6 June 1803, and acted astutorthere. Froml803 to 1808 he was Rawlinsonian professor of Anglo-Saxon. On the establishment of the examination for undergraduates called ' Responsions,' in 1809,
Ingram
Ingram
Ingram acted as one of the ' masters of the schools.' From 1815 to 1818 he filled the office of keeper of the archives, and from 1816 to 1824 was rector of Rotherfield Grays, a Trinity College living, near Henley-on-Thames. On 24 June 1824 he was elected president of his college, and proceeded D.D. Ingram was too deeply absorbed in antiquarian research to take much part in the management of the college or in the affairs of the university. At Garsington, near Oxford, of which Ingram was rector in virtue of his presidency, he super- intended and largely helped to pay for the erection of a new school, of which he sent an account to the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' 1841, vol. i. He died 4 Sept, 1850, and was buried at Garsington, where there is a brass plate to his memory inserted in an old stone slab. He was married, had no family, and survived his wife. By his will he left the greater part of his books, papers, drawings, &c., to Trinity College, some pictures to the university galleries, and some coins to the Bodleian Library. There are two portraits of him in the president's lodgings at Trinity. Ingram was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and held a high rank among archaeologists. As an Anglo-Saxon scholar he was perhaps the very best of his genera- tion, and the most distinguished of John Mitchell Kemble's predecessors. In 1807 he published his inaugural lecture (as professor of Anglo-Saxon) on the utility of Anglo- Saxon literature, to which is added the geo- graphy of Europe by King Alfred (Oxford, 4to). His edition of the ' Saxon Chronicle,' London, 1823, 4to, was a great advance on Gibson's edition (Oxford, 1692, 4to), for Ingram had thoroughly explored the Cot- tonian MSS. in the British Museum. His edition of Quintilian (Oxford, 1809, 8vo) is correct and useful. The work by which Ingram is best known is his admirable ' Me- morials of Oxford,' with a hundred plates "by Le Keux, 3 vols. 8vo, Oxford, 1832-7 (reissued 1847, 2 vols.) Among his other publications are : 'The Church in the Middle Centuries, an attempt to ascertain the Age and Writer of the celebrated " Codex Boer- nerianus"' (anon.), 8vo, Oxford, 1842; ' Me- morials of the Parish of Codford St. Mary,' 8vo, Oxford, 1844 ; and the descriptions of Oxford and Winchester cathedrals in Brit- ton's ' Beauties of England and Wales.'
[Annual Eegister, 1850 ; Gent. Mag. 1850, p. 553; Illustrated London News, 14 Sept. 1850 ; Oxford Calendar ; personal knowledge and recol- lections ; communication from Professor Earle of Oxford. Ingram is mentioned in Pycroft's Ox- ford Memories, and in G. V. Cox's Eecollec- tions of Oxford, p. 158.] W. A. G.
INGRAM, JOHN (1721-1771?), en- graver, born in London in 1721, first prac- tised engraving there. He subsequently went to Paris, and settled there for the re- mainder of his life. He both etched and engraved in line-manner. He engraved a number of plates after Francois Boucher, some after C. N. Cochin, and a set of emble- matical figures of the sciences in conjunction with Cochin and Tardieu. He was employed in engraving small plates for book illustra- tion, and more especially on plates for the ' Transactions ' of the Academic des Sciences. He was an engraver of great merit.
[Nagler's Kiinstler-Lexikon ; Beraldi et Por- talis's Graveurs du XVIIP Siecle ; Dodd's ma- nuscript Hist, of English Engravers (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 33402).] L. C.
INGRAM, ROBERT, D.D. (1727-1804), divine, born at Beverley, Yorkshire, on 9 March 1726-7, was descended from the family of Henry Ingram (1616-1666), vis- count Irwine in the Scottish peerage. His father had retired from business in London, and settled at Beverley soon after his mar- riage with Theodosia, younger daughter of Joseph Gascoigne, sometime revenue collector at Minorca. He was educated at Beverley school under John Clarke (1706-1761) [q. v.], and in 1745 was admitted to Corpus Christ! College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1749 and M.A. in 1753. In 1758 he became perpetual curate of Bredhurst, Kent, and in the following year Dr. Green, bishop of Lincoln, presented him to the small vicar- age of Orston, Nottinghamshire. In 1760 he obtained the vicarage of Wormingford, Essex, where he resided till within a year of his death. He also became, through the influence of his wife's family with Dr. Terrick, bishop of London, vicar of Boxted, Essex. He died in his son's house at Seagrave, near Loughborough, Leicestershire, on 3 Aug. 1804. He married in 1759 Catherine, eldest daughter of Richard Acklom, esq., of Weir- eton, Nottinghamshire, and by her left two sons, Robert Acklom Ingram, B.D. [q. v.], and Rowland Ingram, who succeeded Paley as head-master of Giggleswick school.
His works are : 1. ' An Exposition of Isaiah's Vision, chap. vi. ; wherein is pointed out a strong similitude betwixt what is said in it and the infliction of punishment on the Papists, by the witnesses, Rev. xi. 6,' Lon- don, 1784, 8vo. 2. ' A View of the great Events of the Seventh Plague, or Period, when the Mystery of God shall be finish'd,' Colchester, 1785, 8vo. 3. ' Accounts of the Ten Tribes of Israel being in America, origi- nally published by Manasseh ben Israel, with
Ingram
16
Ingulf
Observations thereon,' London, 1792, 8vo. [ 4. ' A complete and uniform Explanation of the Prophecy of the Seven Vials of Wrath, or the Seven last Plagues, contained in the Revelations of St. John, chapters xv. xvi. To which is added a short Explanation of chapter xiv. ; with other Revelation Pro- phecy interspersed and illustrated,' 1804.
[Gent. Mag. Iv. 732, Ixii. 548, Ixxiv. 343, 882; Chalmers's Biog. Diet.; Cantabrigienses Graduati, 1787, p. 217 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Reuss's Reg. of Authors, p. 215 ; Bodleian Cat. ; Masters's Corpus Christi Coll. List of Members, p. 28.]
T. C.
INGRAM, ROBERT ACKLOM (1763- 1809), political economist, eldest son of Robert Ingram [q. v.], was born in 1763, and educated first in Dr. Grimwood's school at Dedham, and afterwards at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. as senior wrangler in 1784. He became fellow and tutor of his college, commenced M.A. in 1787, was moderatorin 1790, and proceeded B.D.inl796. On taking orders he was appointed curate of i Boxted, Essex, and in 1802 he was presented | by the master and fellows of Queens' College to the rectory of Seagrave, Leicestershire, where he died on 5 Feb. 1809.
His principal works are: 1. ' The Necessity of introducing Divinity into the regular Course of Academical Studies considered,' Colchester, 1792, 8vo. 2. ' An Enquiry into the present Condition of the Lower Classes, and the means of improving it ; including some Remarks on Mr. Pitt's Bill for the better Support and Maintenance of the Poor : in the course of which the policy of the Corn Laws is examined, and various other im- portant branches of Political Economy are illustrated,' London, 1797, 8vo. 3. 'A Syl- labus or Abstract of a System of Political Philosophy ; to which is prefixed a Disserta- tion recommending that the Study of Political Economy be encouraged in our Universities, and that a Course of Lectures be delivered on that subject,' London, 1800, 8vo. 4. ' An Essay on the importance of Schools of In- dustry and Religious Instruction ; in which the necessity of Promoting the good Educa- tion of poor Girls is particularly considered,' London, 1801, 8vo. 5. 'The Causes of the Increase of Methodism and Dissension, and of the Popularity of what is called Evan- gelical Preaching, and the means of obviat- ing them, considered in a Sermon [on Rom. xiv. 17, 19]. To which is added a Postscript ... on Mr. Whitbread's Bill ... for en- couraging of Industry among the Labouring Classes,' London, 1807, 8vo. 6. 'Disquisi- tions on Population, in which the Principles of the Essay on Population, by T. R. Malthus,
are examined and refuted,' London, 1808, 8vo.
[Lit. Memoirs of Living Authors, 1798, i. 318; Reuss's Reg. of Authors, Suppl. i. 546; Gent. Mag. Ixxix. 189, 275; Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, i. 315 ; Graduati Cantabr. ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] T. C.
INGULF (d. 1109), abbot of Crowland or Croyland in Lincolnshire, an Englishman, was secretary of William the Conqueror, and after having made a pilgrimage to Jeru- salem entered the monastery of St. Wan- drille in Normandy, where Gerbert, a man of much learning, was then abbot. He became prior, and when Ulfcytel, abbot of Crowland, was deposed, was in 1086 appointed by the Conqueror to his office. He interceded suc- cessfully for his predecessor, who was released from confinement at Glastonbury, and allowed to return to his old home, the monastery of Peterborough. Though much afflicted with gout, Ingulf was full of energy, and rebuilt part of his abbey church and other buildings which had been destroyed by fire. In 1092 he translated the body of Earl Waltheof
Ej. v.], beheaded in 1076, from the chapter- ouse to a place near the high altar of the church. He died on 16 Nov. 1109. He was one of the few Englishmen appointed to high office in the Conqueror's reign (FBEEMAN, Norman Conquest, iv. 600).
Some fabulous notices of Ingulfs life are given in the forged ' History ' which bears his name ; his known relations with Gerbert, however, probably justify partial acceptance of the account of his learning contained in the forgery. The assertion that he wrote a life of St. Guthlac is founded only on a passage in the ' History,' and is not worthy of belief. The ' History ' has been printed by Savile in his ' Scriptores post Bedam,' pp. 850-914, London, 1596, fol. ; reprinted, Frankfort, 1601 ; byFulman, with a continuation falsely attributed to Peter of Blois and other con- tinuations, in his ' Quinque Scriptores,' pp. 1 sqq., Oxford, 1684, fol., a volume usually reckoned as the first of Gale's ' Scriptores ; ' separately by Mr. Birch in the ' Chronicle of Croyland Abbey by Ingulph ' (Lat.), 1883 ; and in part in the ' Recueil des Historiens,r xi. 153-7 ; it has been translated by Riley in Bonn's ' Historical Library,' 1854. Five manuscripts of it are known to have existed, of which only one is supposed to be extant (Brit. Mus. Arundel MS. No. 178, 54 pages fol., written in a hand of the sixteenth cen- tury ; printed by Mr. Birch). Selden, in his edition of ' Eadmer ' (1623), speaks of a ma- nuscript then kept at Crowland, and held to- be Ingulfs autograph. He could not see it ;
Ingulf
Ingworth
Spelman, however, saw and used it for his * Concilia,' i. 623 (1639). Selden used another manuscript for the so-called laws of William the Conqueror, given in his notes on ' Ead- mer.' This manuscript is noticed by Camden in the dedicatory epistle to his reprint oi Asser in his ' Anglica,' &c. (1602) ; it is sup- posed to have been burnt in the fire which destroyed part of the Cotton Library in 1731. A third manuscript was used by Fulman ; it belonged to Sir John Marsham, and was said to have been carried off by Obadiah Walker (seeMonumentaHistorica£ritannica,p.l.ln.) A fourth, imperfect, was used by Savile who gives no account of it.
From the foundation of the abbey to the thirty-fourth year of Edgar the writer pro- fesses to base his work on a chronicle of the house compiled under Abbot Turketul by a brother named Sweetman. The early part consists mainly of charters of donation con- nected by a slender thread of narrative. From the accession of Edward the Confessor the narrative becomes more prominent. The book contains a great many curious and evidently untrue stories. In Fulman's time the charters were used as evidence of title, and Dr. Caius, in his book on Cambridge (1568), and after him Spelman, Dugdale, Selden, and others, ac- cepted the ' History ' as authoritative. Whar- ton, however, in his ' Historia de Episcopis et Decanis Londinensibus' (1695), pp. 19, 24-6, pointed out that some of the charters were forgeries, and he was followed by Wanley, and more at length by Hickes in his ' Thesau- rus ' and his ' Dissertatio Epistolaris.' From that time the charters were rejected ; but at the end of the eighteenth century Richard Gough [q. v.] maintained that the ' History ' was by Ingulf, who, however, himself forged the charters. Gibbon noted the anachronism in the statement regarding the study of Aris- totle at Oxford. In 1826 Sir Francis Palgrave, in an article in the ' Quarterly Review,' ex- posed some of the points which mark the book as a forgery, and in 1862 this was done more thoroughly by Riley in the ' Archaeological Journal.' Among these points may be noticed the assertions that the abbey in Edred's days bore the French appellation of ' curteyse ; ' that Turketul, who is said to have been born in 907, is also said to have advised the con- secration of bishops in 905 ; that Ingulf, the supposed author, was educated at Oxford, and read Aristotle there ; that on visiting Constantinople he saluted the emperor Alexis (Alexius), who began to reign in 1081, and was received by the patriarch Sophronius, who died in 1059, that he was appointed abbot in 1075, and that there was a ' vicar ' of a place called Wedlongburc in 1091. The
VOL. XXIX.
spelling of place names belongs rather to the fourteenth than to the eleventh century, and many words and phrases occur which were certainly not in use in Ingulfs time. The motive of the forgery appears to have been the desire to defend the property of the abbey against the claims of the Spalding people. From the fifteenth-century continuation, which seems to be a bona fide work, Riley shows that it is probable that the forgery of the charters began about 1393. He further, with great ingenuity, assigns the compilation of the book to 1413-15, and regards it as the work of the prior Richard, then engaged, the abbot being blind, in a lawsuit with the people of Spalding and Multon on behalf of the abbey ; the counsel for the abbey, Serjeant Ludyng- ton, afterwards justice of the common pleas, must, in Riley's opinion, have been cognisant of the affair. One of the absurdities of the book is the story of the five sempectae or senior members of the house, who, in order to ac- count for the preservation of the traditions of the convent, are made to live to immense ages, one to 168, another to 142 years, and one of them, a fabulous Aio, to about 125 years. In spite of the work of Palgrave, Riley, and others, and of the general con- sensus of scholars, H. S. English, in his ' Crowland and Burgh ' (1871, 3 vols.), be- lieves that the ' History ' is a mutilated and altered edition of a genuine work written by Ingulf (i. 22) ; and Mr. Birch, in his ' Chro- nicle of Croyland Abbey ' (1883), argues that the charters are a reconstruction of original documents, and that the book, as a whole, is not a wanton forgery. Neither of them accurately defines his position or supports it with adequate arguments.
[The only authority for the Life of Ingulf is the account given by Orderic, pp. 542, 543 ; see also Freeman's Norman Conquest, iv. 600-2, 690. For the character of the Crowland History see Quarterly Beview (1826), xxxiv. 289 sqq. ; Archseol. Journal (1862), xix. 32-49, 113-33; Hardy's Materials, i. ii. 816, ii. 58-64 (Eolls Series); Mon. Hist. Brit. pp. 11,18,19; Wright's Biog. Brit. Lit. ii. 28-33 ; and other works quoted in text.] W. H.
INGWORTH, RICHARD OP (fl. 1224), Franciscan, was, according to Thomas Ec- cleston [q. v.],the first Minorite who preached to the peoples north of the Alps. He was among the friars who came to England with Agnellus in 1224, and was then a priest and advanced in years. W7ith three other friars he established the first house of Franciscans in London ; he then proceeded to Oxford, hired ahouseinSt.Ebbe's, and thus founded the ori- ginal convent in the university town ; he also founded the friary at Northampton. After-
Inman
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wards he became custodian of Cambridge, •which was specially noted for its poverty under his rule. In 1230, when Agnellus at- tended the general chapter at Assisi, Richard acted as vicar of the English province. Soon after this he was appointed by the general, John Parens, provincial minister of Ireland. He was released from the office by Albert of Pisa in 1239, and set out as a missionary to the Holy Land, where he died. In the manu- scripts of Eccleston his name is usually written ' Ingewrthe ' or ' Indewurde.' Le- land and his followers call him 'Kinges- thorp.' The only authority for this form is a late marginal note in the Phillipps MS. of Eccleston, from which Leland made his extracts (see English Hist. Rev. for October 1890).
[Mon. Franciscana, vol. i. ed. Brewer (Rolls Ser.)] A. G. L.
INMAN, GEORGE ELLIS (1814-1840), song-writer, born in 1814, and well educated, was for some time clerk in the office of a firm of wine merchants in Crutched Friars, Lon- don. He obtained some reputation as a song- writer,fellavictimto opium-taking, and com- mitted suicide on 26 Sept. 1840 in St. James's Park.
Two compositions of his, 'The Days of Yore' and 'St. George's Flag of England,' gained prizes of ten and fifteen guineas re- spectively from the Melodists' Club in 1838 and 1840. Other songs of his were ' Sweet Mary mine,' which enjoyed a concert season's popularity; 'My Native Hills,' set to music by Sir Henry Bishop ; and ' Wake, wake, my Love,' set to music by Raffaelle Angelo WalKs. He wrote the libretto for Wallis's opera, ' The Arcadians.' He also contributed to various magazines. In the ' Bentley Bal- lads,' edited by Dr. Doran (new edition, 1 861 ), are included two vigorous poems of his, ' Old Morgan at Panama' (p. 17) and 'Haroun Alraschid' (p. 80). In 'La Belle Assem- blee ' for September 1844 appeared posthu- mously a piece by him, ' Le premier Grena- dier des Armees de la Republique.' He is said to have published a small volume of poems (Notes and Queries, 4th ser. v. 326).
[Globe newspaper, 28 Sept. 1840, p. 4, and 30 Sept. p. 4; Gent. Mag. November 1840, p. 550; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. v. 225-6.]
F. W-T.
INMAN, JAMES (1776-1859), professor of navigation and nautical science, born in 1776, was younger son of Richard Inman of Garsdale Foot, Sedbergh, Yorkshire. The family of substantial statesmen had owned property in the neighbourhood from the
time of the dissolution of the monasteries. James received his early education at Sedbergh grammar school, and subsequently became a pupil of John Dawson [q. v.] (see also J. W. CLARK, Life and Letters of Adam Sedgwick, i. 70), and although entered at St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge, in 1794, did not go into resi- dence till 1796. Inman graduated B. A . in 1800 as senior wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, and was elected to a fellowship. Though with no immediate intention of taking orders, In- man now turn 3d his thoughts towards mission work in the East, and set out for Syria. The course of the war rendered it impossible for him to proceed further than Malta, where he devoted some time to the study of Arabic. On his return to England he was recom- mended to the board of longitude for the post of astronomer on board the Investigator dis- covery-ship, and joined her on her return to Port Jackson in June 1803 [see FLINDERS, MATTHEW]. When the Investigator's officers and men were turned over to the Porpoise, Inman was left at Port Jackson in charge of the instruments; but after the wreck and the return of Flinders, Inman accompanied him in the Rolla, and assisted him in determining the position of the reef on which the Porpoise had struck. With the greater part of the crew he then returned to England, via China, being assigned a passage in the company's ship War- ley, in which he was present in the celebrated engagement with Linois off Pulo Aor on 15 Feb. 1804 [see DANCE, SIR NATHANIEL ; FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN]. In 1805 he proceeded M.A., and about the same time was ordained, though he does not appear to have held any cure ; he proceeded to the degree of B.D. in 1815, and of D.D. in 1820.
On the conversion of the Royal Naval Academy at Portsmouth in 1808 into the Royal Naval College, Inman was appointed professor of mathematics, and virtually prin- cipal, and here he remained for thirty years. In this office Inman turned to good account the knowledge of navigation and naval gun- nery which he had acquired at sea. In 1821 appeared his well-known book, ' Navigation and Nautical Astronomy for the use of Bri- tish Seamen,' with accompanying tables. In the third edition (1835) he introduced a new trigonometrical function, the half-versine, or haversine, thelogarithms of which were added to the tables, and enormously simplified the practicalsolution of spherical triangles. After long remaining the recognised text-book in the navy, the ' Navigation ' has been gradually superseded, but the tables, with some addi- tions, still continue in use.
It is said that Inman suggested to Captain Broke [see BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERB]
Inman
Inman
some of the improvements in naval gunnery which were introduced on board the Shannon. He published in 1828 ' An Introduction to Naval Gunnery/ designed strictly as an ' in- troduction' to the course of scientific teach- ing. It was during this period also that he produced for the use of his classes short trea- tises on ' Arithmetic, Algebra, and Geometry,' 1810, and ' Plane and Spherical Trigono- metry,' 1826. These, however, have long been out of use, and are now extremely rare. No copy of either can be found in any of the principal libraries in London.
At his suggestion the admiralty established a school of naval architecture in 1810, and Inman was appointed principal. To supply the want of a text-book, he published in 1820 ' A Treatise on Shipbuilding, with Ex- planations and Demonstrations respecting the Architectura Navalis Mercatoria, by Fre- derick Henry de Chapman,. . .translated into English, with explanatory Notes, and a few Eemarks on the Construction of Ships of War,' Cambridge, 4to. The translation was made from a French version, though com- pared with the Swedish. It has of course long been obsolete ; but to Inman's labours was largely due the improvement in English ship-building during the first half of the present century. In 1839 the college was again reorganised, and Inman retired. For the next twenty years he continued to reside in the neighbourhood of Portsmouth, and died at Southsea on 2 Feb. 1859.
Inman married Mary, daughter of Richard Williams, vicar of Oakham, Rutlandshire, a direct descendant of the mother of Sir Isaac Newton [q. v.] by her second husband, and left issue. In addition to the works already named, he was also the author of ' The Scrip- tural Doctrine of Divine Grace : a Sermon preached before the University,' Cambridge, 8vo, 1820, and 'Formulae and Rules for making Calculations on Plans of Ships,' London, 8vo, 1849.
[Information from the Eev. H. T. Inman, In- man's grandson.] J. K. L.
INMAN, THOMAS, M.D. (1820-1876), mythologist, born on 27 Jan. 1820 in Rut- land Street, Leicester, was second son of Charles Inman (a native of Lancaster, de- scended from a Yorkshire family), who was sometime partner in Pickford's carrying com- pany, and afterwards director of the Bank of Liverpool. William Inman [q. v.] was his younger brother. Thomas went to school at Wakefield, and in 1836 was apprenticed to his uncle, Richard Inman, M.D., at Preston, Lancashire. He entered at King's College, London, where he had a distinguished career,
graduating M.B. in 1842 and M.D. in 1844 at the university of London. Declining a commission as an army surgeon, he settled in Liverpool as house-surgeon to the Royal Infirmary. He obtained a good practice as a physician, and was for many years phy- sician to the Royal Infirmary. His publica- tions on personal hygiene are full of shrewd practical counsel.
On 21 Oct. 1844 he became a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liver- pool, to whose ' Proceedings ' he frequently contributed papers, chiefly on archaeological subjects. He had little original scholarship, but read widely, and, although the philological basis of his researches is quite unscientific, his writings display great ingenuity. From God- frey Higgins [q. v.] he. derived the suggestion that the key to all mythology is to be sought in phallic worship. On 5 Feb. 1866 he first propounded this theory in a paper on ' The An- tiquity of certain Christian and other Names.' The subject was pursued in other papers, and in three works on ' Ancient Faiths,' which he published between 1868 and 1876.
In 1871 he gave up practice and retired to Clifton, near Bristol, where he died on 3 May 1876. He was a man of handsome presence, and his genial temperament made him generally popular. He married in 1844 Jennet Leigh- ton, daughter of Daniel Newham of Douglas, Isle of Man, and had six sons and two daugh- ters, of whom tAvo sons and two daughters survived him.
His most important publications are: 1. ' Spontaneous Combustion,' Liverpool, 1855, 8vo. 2. ' On certain Painful Muscular Affections,' 1856, 8vo ; 2nd edition, with title, ' The Phenomena of Spinal Irritation,' &c., 1858, 8vo ; 3rd edition, with title, ' On Myalgia,' &c., 1860, 8vo. 3. ' The Foundation for a new Theory and Practice of Medicine,' 1860, 8vo; 2nd edition, 1861, 8vo. 4. 'On the Preservation of Health,' &c., Liverpool, 1868, 8vo ; 2nd edition, 1870, 8vo ; 3rd edi- tion, 1872, 8vo. 5. 'Ancient Faiths em- bodied in Ancient Names ; or, an Attempt to trace the Religious Belief ... of certain Nations,' &c., vol. i. 1868, 8vo ; vol. ii. 1869, 8vo ; 2nd edition, 1872-3, 8vo. 6. ' Ancient Pagan and Modern Christian Symbolism exposed and explained,' &c., 1869, 8vo. 7. ' The Restoration of Health,' &c., 1870, 8vo ; 2nd edition, 1872, 8vo. 8. < Ancient Faiths and Modern: a Dissertation upon Worships . . . before the Christian Era,' &c., New York (printed at Edinburgh), 1876, 8vo.
[Information kindly furnished by Miss Z. Inman ; Proceedings of the Lit. and Philos. Soc. of Liverpool ; personal knowledge.] A. G
c2
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Innes
INMAN, WILLIAM (1825-1881), foun- der of the Inman line of steamships, born at Leicester on 6 April 1825, was fourth son of Charles Inman, a partner in the firm of Pickford & Co., who died on 10 Nov. 1858, by Jane, daughter of Thomas Clay of Liver- pool (she died 11 Nov. 1865). Thomas In- man [q. v.], the mythologist, was his elder brother. Educated at the Collegiate Institute at Liverpool and at the Liverpool Royal In- stitution, William entered a mercantile office, and was clerk successively to Nathan Cairns (brotherof Lord Cairns), toCater& Company, and to Richardson Brothers, all merchants at Liverpool. Of the latter firm he became a partner in January 1849, and managed their fleet of American sailing packets, then trading between Liverpool and Philadelphia. Here he first gained an intimate knowledge of the emigration business. Having watched with interest the first voyage to America, early in 1850, of Tod & Macgregor's screw iron ship the City of Glasgow of 1,600 tons and 350 horse-power, he was convinced of the advantages she possessed over both sailing ships and paddle steamers for purposes of navigation. In conj unction with his partners, he purchased the City of Glasgow, and on 17 Dec. in the same year despatched her with four hundred steerage passengers on a successful voyage across the Atlantic. In 1857 he formed the Liverpool, New York, and Philadelphia Steamship Company, better known as the Inman line. Between 1851 and 1856 the company purchased the City of Manchester, the City of Baltimore, the Kan- garoo, and the City of Washington, all iron screw-ships. In 1857 the company enlarged the area of their operations by making New York one of their ports of arrival, and esta- blishing a fortnightly line thither. In 1860 they introduced a weekly service of steamers ; in 1863 they extended it to three times a fortnight, and in 1866 to twice a week during the summer. The failure of the Collins line was advantageous to Inman, for he adopted their dates of sailing, and henceforth carried the mails between England and America. Inman specially directed his attention to the removal of the discomforts of emigrant passengers. In 1875 the City of Berlin, the longest and largest steam-vessel afloat, the Great Eastern excepted, was launched. In- man was a member of the local marine board, of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Trust, and of the first Liverpool school board; was a captain of the Cheshire rifle volunteers, a magistrate for Cheshire, and chairman of the Liverpool Steam Shipowners' Association. He frequently gave evidence before com- mittees of the House of Commons, more par-
ticularly in 1874 on the committee on Mer- chant. Ships Measurement of Tonnage Bill (Parliamentary Papers, 1874, vol. x., Report 1874, pp. 182-8, 238-47).
He died at Upton Manor, near Birkenhead, on 3 July 1881, and was buried in Moreton parish church on 6 Julv. He married, on 20 Dec. 1849, Anne Brewis, daughter of Wil- liam Stobart of Picktree, Durham, by whom he had twelve children, nine sons and three daughters.
[Lindsay's Merchant Shipping, 1876, iv. 251- 260, 611-12; Times, 26 Jan. 1877, p. 10, 5 July 1881, p. 8 ; Burke's Landed Gentry.]
G. C. B.
INNERPEFFER,,LoRD. [See FLETCHER, ANDREW, d. 1650, Scottish judge.]
INNES, COSMO (1798-1 874), antiquary, born on 9 Sept. 1798at the old manor-house of Durris on Deeside, was the youngest child but one of the sixteen children of John Innes by his wife Euphemia (wee Russell). John Innes, who belonged to the family of Innes of Innes, had sold his property in Moray to buy Durris. He resided at Durris for many years, but was afterwards ejected by a legal decision, a lead- ing case in the Scottish law of entail. Cosmo was sent to the high school, Edinburgh, under Pillans, and studied at the universities of Aberdeen and Glasgow. He afterwards matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford, on 13 May 1817, graduating B.A. 1820, and M.A. 1824. In 1822 he became an advocate at the Scottish bar. His practice was never large, but he was soon employed in peerage and other cases demanding antiquarian and genealogical research. His first case of this kind was the Forbes peerage case, about 1830-2. In the Stirling case he was crown advocate. For several years, from about 1833, he was advocate-depute. In 1840 he was appointed sheriff of Moray, and while in office had to deal with the Moray mobs, who at the time of the Irish potato famine resisted the export of produce from their own dis- trict. In 1845 he was a member of the municipal corporation (Scotland) commis- sion. In 1852 he resigned his sheriffdom, and succeeded his friend Thomas Thomson as principal clerk of session.
About 1830 Innes had assisted Thomson in arranging the ancient documents in the Register House (cp. INNES, Memoir of T. Thomson, 1854, 8vo). He was afterwards officially engaged in editing and preparing for the press the ' Rescinded Acts,' and in partly editing the folio edition of the ' Acts of the Scots Parliament' (1124-1707). He wrote an introduction to vol. i. (1844) of the
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' Acts,' and in July 1865 began to compile with his assistants the 'General Index' to the whole work. This was published in 1875 after his death. Innes was an acute and learned student of ancient Scottish records, and singularly skilful as a decipherer. He was an active member and editor of the Ban- natyne, Spalding, and Maitland clubs. He edited the chartularies of numerous Scottish religious houses, as well as various acade- mical and municipal works of importance. In his ' Scotland in the Middle Ages,' 1860, and ' Sketches of Early Scotch History,' 1861 (the latter selected from his ' Intro- ductions to the Chartularies'), he displayed a sympathetic interest in the pre-Reformation period, and was accused of being a Roman catholic, though he was a member of the episcopal church. From 1846 till his death Innes held the post of professor of consti- tutional law and history at the university of Edinburgh. His lectures were attractive. He also gave valuable lectures on Scottish legal antiquities before the Juridical Society. While on a highland tour he died suddenly at Killin on 31 July 1874. His body was removed to Edinburgh, and buried in War- riston cemetery on 5 Aug. In appearance Innes was tall and handsome. He suffered from shyness, which sometimes took the form of nervous volubility in conversation. He was a keen sportsman, and amused himself with gardening. He had a great contempt for the mere bookworm, and said that more was to be learnt outside books than in them. As an antiquary he had no rival in his own line. In politics he was a whig. He advo- cated the claims of women students of medi- cine to graduate at the university of Edin- burgh.
Innes married in 1826 Miss Rose of Kil- varock, by whom he had nine children. The eldest son entered the Indian army, but died at twenty-four. The eldest daughter married in 1855 John Hill Burton [q. v.] the his- torian. During his married life Innes lived chiefly in or near Edinburgh, first at Ramsay Lodge ; then at No. 6 Forres Street (where he was intimate with Francis Jeffrey [q. v.] and his family) ; subsequently at the Hawes, South Queensferry, and finally at Inverleith House, Edinburgh.
The following are Innes's principal publi- cations (S. and B. indicate the publications of the Spalding and Bannatyne clubs respec- tively): 1. 'Two Ancient Records of the Bishopric of Caithness,' 1827, &c., 4to ; also 1848, 4to, B. 2. ' Registrum Monasterii de Passelet' (Paisley), 1832, 4to, Maitland Club. 3. ' Liber Sancte Marie de Melros,' 1837, 4to, B. 4. ' Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis,'
1837, 4to, B. 5. ' Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis. Munimenta Eccles. Sanct. Crucis de Edwinesburg,' 1840, 4to, B. 6. ' Registrum de Dunfermelyn,' 1842, 4to, B. 7. ' Regis- trum Episcopatus Glasguensis,' 1843, 4to, B. 8. ' Liber S. Marie de Calchou ' (Kelso Abbey), 1846, 4to, B. 9. ' Liber Insule Missarum : Abbacii Canonic. Regul. . . . de Inchaffery re- gistrum,' 1847, 4to, B. 10. ' Carte monialium de Northberwic' (North Berwick Priory), 1847, 4to, B. 11. ' Liber S. Thome de Aber- brothoc ' (Arbroath Abbey), ed. by C. Innes and P. Chalmers, 1848, &c., 4to, B. 12. 'Re- gistrum S. Marie de Neubotle ' (Newbattle Abbey), 1849, 4to, B. 13. ' Origines Paro- chiales Scotiae,'1850,4to, B (a work of much research). 14. ' Registrum Honoris de Mor- ton,' ed. completed by C. I., 1853, 4to. 15. 'Fasti Aberdonenses,' 1854, 8vo (selec- tions from the records of the university and King's College of Aberdeen). 16. ' The Black Book of Tayrnouth,' 1855, 4to, B. 17. ' Registrum Episcopatus Brechinensis,' 1856, 4to, S. 18. J. Barbour's ' The Bras,' 1856, 4to, S. 19. ' The Book of the Thanes of Cawdor,' 1859, 4to, S. 20. 'Scotland in the Middle Ages,' Edinburgh, 1860, 8vo (adapted from his university lectures). 21. 'Sketches of Early Scotch History and Social Progress,' Edinburgh, 1861, 8vo. 22. 'An Account of the Familie of Innes' (by Duncan Forbes (1644 P-1704) [q. v.], with additions by C. I.), 1864, 4to, S. 23. ' Ledger of A. Halyburton, 1492-1503,' 1867, 8vo. 24. 'Facsimiles of National Manuscripts of Scotland. Edited, with Introduction, by C. I.,' 1867, £c., fol. 25. 'Ancient Laws and Customs of the Burghs of Scotland,' 1868, &c., 4to. 26. ' Lectures on Scotch Legal Antiquities,' Edinburgh, 1872, 8vo. 27. ' Memoir of Dean Ramsay ' in the 22nd (1874) ed. of Ramsay's < Reminis- cences.' 28. Contributions to the 'Quarterly Review ' and the ' North British Review.' (For Innes's work connected with the Scotch statutes, see above.)
[Memoir of Innes, Edinburgh, 1874, partly founded on obituary notices in the Scotsman, Courant, Glasgow Herald, Athenaeum, and Pall Mall Gazette; Dr. J. A. H. Murray in the Academy for 15 Aug. 1874, p. 181 ; Brit. Mus. Cat,] W. W.
INNES or INNES-KER, JAMES, fifth DUKE OP ROXBUKGHE (1736-1823). [See KEE.]
INNES, JOHN (d. 1414), bishop of Moray, a native of Moray, is reckoned by Forbes (Familie of Innes, 1698) as thirteenth laird of Innes, but it is not certain, though it is pro- bable, that he belonged to that family. In 1389 he was a canon of Elgin Cathedral, in
Innes
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1395 he held the prebend of Duffus, and in
1396 he was also archdeacon of Caithness. He desired to go to Paris to study canon law, and, ' inasmuch as the fruits of his arch- deaconry were not sufficient to enable him to fulfil his wish,' Alexander Bar, bishop of Moray, gave a grant of certain of the tithes of that diocese by way of an exhibition ( ' ad exhibendum Joanni de Innes in studio Parisiensi ' ). He returned by 1397, when he was judge in a question of tithe between William de Spynie, bishop of Moray, and the vicar of Elgin. On 23 Jan. 1406 he was con- secrated bishop of Moray at Avignon by Pope Benedict XIII. In the li'st (dated 1437) of the bishops of Moray he is described as ' bachelor in both laws and in arts.' He died at Elgin on 25 April 1414, and was buried in his cathe- dral, where his monument, now demolished, told how during his seven years' episcopate he had strenuously pushed on the rebuilding of that noble church, which had been burned in 1390 by Alexander Stewart, 'the Wolf of Badenoch ' [q. v.] At the chapter held to elect his successor the canons agreed that if any of them should be elected he should devote the third of his revenue to the completion of the cathedral. The older part of the bishop's palace at Elgin and the beautiful gateway at the palace of Spynie are Innes's work. His arms show the three stars of Innes on a bend between three keys ; the shield is surmounted, not by a mitre, but by a pastoral staff. The Greyfriars Church at Elgin, sometimes attri- buted to him, was founded by another John Innes fifty years later.
[Chartulary of Moray ; Familie of Innes (Spald- ing Club) ; Keith's Catalogue ; Young's Annals of Elgin ; M'Gibbon and Ross's Castellated Architecture of Scotland.] J. C.
INNES, JOHN (1739-1777), anatomist, was born in 1739 at Callart in the highlands of Scotland. He went to Edinburgh as a boy, and was employed by the second Dr. Alexander Monro [q. v.], then professor of anatomy in the university. He became a dexterous dissector, and when eighteen was made dissector to the anatomical theatre. It was his duty to dissect out the parts for each of the professor's lectures, and he thus ac- quired a minute knowledge of human anatomy. The students liked him, and with the con- sent of his employer he used to give evening demonstrations of anatomy, and became so famous for the clearness of his descriptions that his audience numbered nearly two hun- dred students. In 1776 he published at Edin- burgh 'A Short Description of the Human Muscles, chiefly as they appear on Dissection,' and this book, with some additions by Dr.
Monro, continued to be used in the dissect- ing rooms at Edinburgh for fifty years after his death. Though its descriptions in places show signs of being written by a man with- out literary education, they are generally terse and lucid, and copies of the book often bear evidence that it was placed, as intended by the author, upon the body which the stu- dent was dissecting. Later in the same year he published ' Eight Anatomical Tables of the Human Body.' The plates represent the skeleton and muscles, and are copied from Albinus, with brief original descriptions of each plate. Both books were published in second editions by John Murray in London in 1778 and 1779 respectively. After a long illness Innes died of phthisis, 12 Jan. 1777, in Edinburgh.
[Works; Memoir by Dr. Alexander Monro prefixed to both -works.] N. M.
INNES, LEWIS (1651-1738), principal of the Scots College in Paris, born at Walker- dales, in the Enzie of Banff, in 1651, was the eldest son of James Innes, wadsetter, of Drumgask in the parish of Aboyne, Aber- deenshire, by his wife, Jane Robertson, daugh- ter of a merchant in Aberdeen. The family of Drumgask was descended from the Inneses of Drainie in the county of Moray. Lewis's father held Drumgask in mortgage from the Earl of Aboyne, but it afterwards became the irredeemable property of the family. Lewis studied for the Roman catholic priest- hood at Paris, and on the death of Robert Barclay in February 1682 he was appointed principal of the Scots College there. Along with his brother, Thomas Innes [q. v.l, he devoted himself to the preservation and ar- rangement of the records in the college library. He took a conspicuous part in the proceed- ings connected with the vindication of the authenticity of the famous charter which established the legitimacy of King Robert III. He carried this charter to St. Germains, where it was shown to James II and the nobility and gentry of his court. Afterwards he submitted it to an examination by the most famous antiquaries of France, including Renandot, Baluze, Mabillon, and Ruinart, in the presence of several of the Scottish nobility and gentry, at a solemn assembly held in the abbey of St. Germain-des-Pres, on 26 May 1694. The document was printed by him, under the title of ' Charta authentica Robert! Seneschalli Scotiae ; ex Archivio Collegii Scotorum Parisiensis edita,' Paris, 1695, 4to. Innes is said to have been one of five who acted as a cabinet council to James II at St. Germains on the king's return from Ireland in 1690. On 11 Nov. 1701 he was admitted
Innes
Innes
almoner to the queen-mother, Mary of Este, an office he had previously held while she was queen-consort. On 23 Dec. 1713 he was ad- mitted almoner to her son, the Chevalier de St. George, resigned the office of principal of the Scots College in the same year, and in 1714 was appointed lord almoner. He ap- pears to have acted as a sort of confidential secretary, and repeated allusions to him are scattered through the printed volume of the ' Stuart Papers.' In the beginning of 1718 he was set aside from his office, but within a few years he was again in confidential communi- cation with his master. He was trusted in the important business of securing Bishop Atterbury's papers, which after the bishop's death were deposited in the Scots College. He died at Paris on 23 Jan. 1738.
Innes probably compiled ' The Life of James II, King of England, &c., collected out of Memoirs writ of his own hand,' 2 vols., London, 1816, 4to, edited by James Stanier Clarke [q. v.], who attributed the authorship to the younger brother, Thomas Inues. It is certain that the original memoirs written by James II were deposited in the Scots College under the special care of Lewis Innes [see under JAMES II, infra].
[Memoirs by George Grub, LL.D., prefixed to Thomas Innes's Hist, of Scotland, 1853, and his Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of Scotland, 1879 ; Miscellany of the Spalding Club, ii. 418; Life of James II (Clarke), pref. p. xix; Chalmers's Life, of Kuddiman, p. 201 ; Stothert's Catholic Mission in Scotland, pp. 248, 249; Michel's Les Ecossais en France, ii. 303, 319, 328 n.t 531.] T. C.
INNES, THOMAS (1662-1744),historian and antiquary, second son of James Innes, and younger brother of Lewis Innes [q. v.], was born in 1662 at Drumgask in the parish of Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. In 1677 he was sent to Paris, and studied at the college of Navarre. He entered the Scots College on 12 Jan. 1681, but still attended the college of Navarre. On 26 May 1684 he received the clerical tonsure ; on 10 March 1691 was promoted to the priesthood, and afterwards spent a few months at Notre Dame desVertus, a seminary of the Oratorians near Paris. Re- turning to the Scots College in 1692, he as- sisted the principal, his elder brother Lewis, in arranging the records of the church of Glasgow, which had been deposited partly in that college and partly in the Carthusian monastery at Paris by Archbishop James Beaton. In 1694 he graduated M.A. at Paris, and in 1695 was matriculated in the German nation. After officiating as at priest for two years in the parish of JNIagnay in
the diocese of Paris, he went again to the Scots College in 1697. In the spring of 1698 he returned to his native country, and officiated for three years at Inveravon, Banff- shire, as a priest of the Scottish mission. In October 1701 he returned to Paris, and be- came prefect of studies in the Scots College, and also mission agent. There he spent twenty years, occupied in the quiet discharge of his duties and in literary pursuits. His intimacy with Rollin, Duguet, and Santeul led to his being suspected of Jansenism. In 1720 his bro- therLewis, in what appears to be aformal letter to the vicar-general of the Bishop of Apt, con- tradicted a report that Thomas had concurred in an appeal to a general council against the condemnation of Quesnel's ' Moral Re- flections ' by Pope Clement XI. ' There is/ remarks his biographer, Dr. Grub, 'no ap- pearance of Jansenism in his historical works, though they mark clearly his decided opposi- tion to ultramontanism.' After a long absence he again visited Scotland in order to collect materials for his ' Essay ' and his ' History.' In the winter of 1724 he was at Edinburgh, pursuing his researches in the Advocates' Library. In December 1727 he was appointed vice-principal of the Scots College at Paris, where he died on 28 Jan. 1744.
The results of Innes's laborious researches in Scottish history and antiquities were libe- rally communicated to all scholars who sought his assistance. Atterbury and Ruddiman ap- pear to have been equally attracted by him, and Bishop Robert Keith was greatly in- debted to him for materials incorporated in the ' Catalogue of Scottish Bishops.'
His works are: 1. 'A Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of the Northern Parts of Britain or Scotland. Containing an Account of the Romans, of the Britains betwixt the Walls, of the Caledonians or Picts, and particularly of the Scots. With an Appendix of ancient manuscript pieces,' 2 vols., London, 1729 ; reprinted, with a Memoir by George Grub, LL.D., in vol. viii. of ' The Historians of Scotland,' Edinburgh, 1879, 8vo. This work elicited an anonymous volume of 'Remarks' [by George Waddel], Edinburgh, 1733, and ' The Roman Account of Britain and Ireland, by Alexander Taitt,' 1741. Both these replies are reprinted in ' Scotia Rediviva,' 1826, vol. i., and in ' Tracts illustrative of the Antiquities of Scotland,' 1836, vol. i. Innes's fame mainly rests upon this ' Critical Essay.' ' Authors [such ra« Pinkerton and Chalmers] who agree in nothing else have united to build on the foundations which Innes laid, and to extol his learning and accuracy, his candour and sagacity' (Spalding Club Miscellany, vol. ii.
Inskipp
pref. p. cxv). 2. ' Epistola de veteri apud Scotos habendi Synodos modo,' dated Paris, 23Nov.l735. Invol.i.of Wilkins's 'Concilia Magnse Britanniae;' reprinted with Innes's ' Civil and Ecclesiastical History.' 3. ' The Civil and Ecclesiastical History of Scotland/ edited by George Grub, LL.D., and printed at Aberdeen for the Spalding Club, 1853, 4to, from a manuscript in the possession of Dr. James Kyle, bishop of Germanica, and vicar- apostolic of the northern district of Scotland. 4. Papers by Innes, and documents con- nected with his family. In ' Miscellany of the Spalding Club,' ii. 351-80. They include (a) ' Letter to the Chevalier de St. George,' dated 17 Oct. 1729; (b) 'Remarks on a Charter of Prince Henry, son of David I ; ' (c) 'Of the Salisbury Liturgy used in Scotland.'
6. Five closely-written volumes, mostly in his handwriting, of his manuscript collections in Scottish history, now among the Laing manuscripts in the library of Edinburgh Uni- versity. 6. A thick quarto volume of collec- tions and dissertations. This was at Preshome under the charge of Bishop Kyle in 1853.
7. 'Original Letters,' 1729-33. In the Uni- versity Library, Edinburgh (' Laing Collec- tions,' No. 346). Several of his letters to the Hon. Harry Mania of Kelly, author of the ' Registrum de Panmure,' are printed in the appendix to Dr. John Stuart's edition of that work, 2 vols. 4to, Edinburgh, 1874.
The ' Life of King James II ' has been attributed to him, but was probably com- piled by his brother, Lewis Innes.
[Life by George Grub, LL.D., prefixed to Innes's Hist, of Scotland and his Critical Essay, 1879 ; Maule's Eegistrum de Pantnure, pref. pp. Ixiv-lxvi, cxi-cxxviii ; Chambers's Biog. Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen (Thomson), ii. 337 ; Fox's Hist, of James II, pref. p. xxvi n. ; Eegistrum Episcopatus Gla«guensis (Bannatyne Club), vol. i. pref. p. xiii ; Life of James II, edited by J. S. Clarke, vol. i. pref. p. xix ; Michel's Les Ecossais en France, ii. 322, 325-8, 329, 519, 531 ; Miscel- lany of the Spalding Club, ii. 418 ; Stothert's Catholic Mission in Scotland, pp. 248, 249, 566; information from H. A. Webster, esq.] T. C.
INSKIPP, JAMES (1790-1868), painter, born in 1790, was originally employed in the commissariat service, from which he retired with a pension, and adopted painting as a profession for the remainder of his life. He began with landscapes, one of which he ex- hibited at the Royal Academy. Subsequently he devoted himself to small subject-pictures, and with less success to portraits. He was a frequent contributor to the British Insti- tution and to the Society of British Artists, as well as to the Royal Academy. A pic- ture of ' A Girl making Lace ' is at Bowood,
4. Insula
Wiltshire, and another of 'A Venetian Wo- man'at Deepdene, Surrey. His pictures were admired at the time, and some were engraved. He drew a series of illustrations for Sir Harris- Nicolas's edition of Izaak Walton's' Complete Angler,' published in 1833-6. Inskipp re- sided the latter part of his life at Godalming,. Surrey, where he died on 15 March 1868, aged 78. He was buried in Godalming ceme- tery. In 1838 he published [a series of en- gravings from his drawings, entitled 'Studies of Heads from Nature.'
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; Catalogues of the Royal Academy and British Institution.] L. C.
INSULA, ROBERT DE, or ROBERT" HALIELAND (d. 1283), bishop of Dur- ham, was born at Holy Island, apparently of humble parentage. He became amonk at Dur- ham. The Lanercost chronicler (p. 113) call* him Robertus de Coquina, which looks as if he was employed in some menial office. He rose to be prior of Finchale, and in May 1274 attended the council of Lyons' as proctor for the prior of Durham. On 24 Sept. in the same year he was chosen bishop of Durham;, his election was confirmed 31 Oct., the temporalities were restored 11 Nov., and on 9 Dec. he was consecrated at York. In 1276 he issued some ' Const itutiones Synodales,' relating to tithes, which are printed in Wil- kins's ' Concilia ' (ii. 28-30). Next year he- was engaged in a quarrel with the king of Scotland as to some border forays, and when Edward issued a commission to treat with the Scots, Bishop Robert attended at Tweedmouth to substantiate his claim, but nothing came of it (F&dera, ii. 84-6). In 1280 he and his chapter refused to admit the visitation of William Wickwaine, archbishop of York, grounding their refusal on a state- ment that the archbishop was bound to visit his own chapter first, and when the arch- bishop came to Durham on 24 June they shut the gates of the city against him. The archbishop thereupon excommunicated them,, and laid the diocese under interdict. Bishop Robert paid a visit to Rome during the year to lay the matter before the pope, but the dispute was still unsettled at his death ; some letters relating to the quarrel are preserved' (see RAINE, Letters from Northern Registers f pp.65-6, and PECKH AM, Reg. i. 383, ii.494, both in Rolls Ser. ; see also HEMINGBTTRGH, ii. 7, 219, and GRAYSTANES, c. xvii.) Robert db Insula died at Middleham, Yorkshire, 7 June 1283, and was buried in the chapter-house at Durham. He is praised as a defender and en- larger of the liberties of his church (Planctus in laudem Roberti Episcopi, ap. Surtees Sa-
Inverarity s
ciety, xxxi. 51-3). Three charters granted by him to Finchale are printed, with engravings of his seal, in ' The Priory of Finchale ' (pp. 110, 148, 183, Surtees Soc.) He left various bequests to the convent of Durham (Hist. Dunelm. Script. Tres, p. xci), and is said to have been a benefactor of the university of Cambridge.
[Authorities quoted ; Annales Monastic! (Rolls Ser.); Graystanes Chronicle in Hist. Dunelm. Script. Tres (Surtees Soc.) ; Wharton's Anglia Sacra, ii. 743-5 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. p. 429 ; Surtees's Hist. Durham, i. xxx-i.] C. L. K.
INVERARITY, ELIZABETH, after- wards MRS. MARTYN (1813-1846), Scottish vocalist and actress, was born in Edinburgh on 23 March 1813. She was first taught by Mr. Thorne, and afterwards by Alexander Murray of Edinburgh, at one of whose con- certs she appeared as an amateur singer in 1829. She made her debut at Covent Garden in 'Cinderella 'on 14 Dec. 1830. In 1832 she sang in ' Robert le Diable ' at Covent Garden, and in the same year appeared at the Philhar- monic Society's concerts. In 1836 she married Charles Marty n, a bass singer, and in 1839 she went with an operatic company to New York, where,with her husband, she sang in ' Fidelio ' and other works. She died at Newcastle-on- Tyne on 27 Dec. 1846. She is said to have been a fine-looking woman, but not to have excelled greatly either as a singer or an actress. She had a sister who was also a professional vocalist. Mr. and Mrs. Martyn wrote jointly some ballads of no merit.
[Brown's Diet, of Music ; Scotsman, 6 Jan. 1847; Dibdin's Annals of the Edinburgh Stage; private information.] J. C. H.
INVERKEITHING, RICHARD (d.
1272), bishop of Dunkeld, was in earlier life a prebendary of that see (KEITH, Scottish Bishops, p. 80), and, according to some autho- rities, chamberlain of the king (Chron. de Lanercost,^. 56; MYLNE, Vit. Dunkeld. Eccl. EpiscopJ) By favour of the crown he suc- ceeded David, bishop-elect of Dunkeld, in the bishopric in 1250. In the contests for supreme power which filled the minority of Alexander III [q. v.] Inverkeithing was a pro- minent leader of the English party (RYHER, Fcedem, orig. ed. i. 565-7). In 1255 his party secured possession of the king and, after in- terviews with Henry III at Wark Castle and Kelso (August), deprived the rival party of the Comyns of office. Thereupon Inverkeith- ing displaced Gameline [q.v.], bishop of St. Andrews, as chancellor of Scotland, and was among the fifteen regents appointed for seven years (ib.) But in the counter-revolution of 1257 the party of the Comyns took the great
> Inwood
seal from his vice-chancellor, Robert Stute- will, dean of Dunkeld, and he seems to have- been superseded in his office by Wishartr bishop of Glasgow. The compromise of 1258 between the two parties does not appear to- have restored the seal to him. According to- Keith he declined to continue in the office.
About Easter 1268 Inverkeithing was with the other bishops summoned to a council by the legate Ottobon. The bishops deputed Inverkeithing and Robert, bishop of Dun- blane, to watch over their interests. When the council met the legate ordained some new statutes, chiefly concerning the secular and regular priests of Scotland, which the- bishops declined to accept (FoRDUN', i. 303). Inverkeithing died on St. Magnus day 1272, at a great age ; his body was buried at Dun- keld, and his heart in the choir of the church of Inchcolm, which he himself had built (MYLNE, u.s.) Reports, which rest on no ascertained authority, are said to have been circulated that Inverkeithing and Margaret, queen of Alexander III, who died shortly after, were both poisoned (Chron. de Laner- cost, p. 97). The Lanercost chronicler also- states that Inverkeithing, in order to prevent the customary confiscation by the crown of the possessions of deceased prelates, disposed of his property in his lifetime.
[Fordun, Chronica Gentis Scotorum, i. 297-8,. 303, ed. Skene, 1871 ; Chron. de Lanercost, pp. 56, 97, ed. J. Stevenson for Bannatyne Club,. 1835 ; Mylne, Vitse Dunkeldensis Ecclesiae Epi- scoporum, p. 11 (Bannatyne Club), 1823; Wyn- toun, lib. vii. c. x.; Keith's Scottish Bishops, pp.. 80-1, 1824; Burton's Hist, of Scotland, ii. 25-6 ; Tytler's Hist, of Scotland, i. 59, ed. Alison.]
J. T-T.
INVERNESS, titular EARL OP. [See- HAY, JOHN, 1691-1740.]
INWOOD, HENRY WILLIAM (1794- 1843), architect, born on 22 May 1794, was- the eldest son of William Inwood [q. v.], the architect. He was educated under his father, and in 1819 travelled in Greece, espe- cially studying and drawing the architecture- of Athens. He formed a small collection of Greek antiquities from Athens, Mycenae,. Laconia, Crete, &c. This collection, con- sisting of about thirty-nine objects (frag- ments from the Erechtheion and Parthenon,, terra-cottas, inscriptions, &c.), was sold to the British Museum in 1843 for 401. Ant inventory of it (dated 8 March 1843), in Inwood's handwriting, is in the library of the department of Greek and Roman an- tiquities in the museum. He assisted his father in designing and in superintending the erection of St. Pancras New Churcbi
Inwood
lolo Goch
(1819-22), and was also connected with him in the erection of three London chapels (1822-4) [see under IXWOOD, WILLIAM]. Inwood was a fellow of the Society of An- tiquaries, and for many years, from 1809, an exhibitor at the Royal Academy. He is sup- posed to have died on 20 March 1843, about which time a vessel in which he had sailed for Spain was lost with all on board. In- •wood published : 1. ' The Erechtheion at Athens ; fragments of Athenian architec- ture, and a few remains in Attica, Megara, FJleusis, illustrated,' London, 1827, fol. A German work, ' Das Erechtheion,' Potsdam, I 1843, by A. F. Quast, is based on this. 2. ' Of the Resources of Design in the Archi- tecture of Greece, Egypt, and other Countries | obtained by ... studies . . . from Nature,' , London, 1834, 4to (only two parts published).
[Architectural Publ. Soc. Diet.; Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists.] W. W.
INWOOD, WILLIAM (1771 P-1843), architect and surveyor, was born about 1771 j at Caen Wood, Highgate, where his father, ] Daniel Inwood, was bailiff to Lord Mans- field. He was brought up as an architect and surveyor, and became steward to Lord Colchester and practised as a surveyor. He designed numerous mansions, villas, bar- racks, warehouses, &c. In 1821 he planned the new galleries for St. John's Church, Westminster, and in 1832-3 designed, with the assistance of his second son, Charles Fre- derick Inwood (see below), the new West- minster Hospital. His best-known work is St. Pancras New Church, London, in the designing of which after Greek models, espe- cially the Athenian Erechtheion, he was as- sisted by his eldest son, Henry William In- wood [q. v.] This church was built between 1 July 1819 and 7 May 1822, and cost 63,25U, •exclusive of the organ and fittings (BRITTON and PUGIN, Public Edifices, 1825, i. 145 : WAL- :FORD, Old and New London,\. 353). Its style is severely criticised by Fergusson (Hist, of -Architecture, 2nd edit.iv. 334,|335), who says its erection ' contributed more than any other circumstances to hasten the reaction towards the Gothic style, which was then becoming fashionable.' Inwood also erected in Lon- don, with the assistance of his eldest son, St. Martin's Chapel, Camden Town, 1822- 1824; Regent Square Chapel, 1824-6; Somers Town Chapel, Upper Seymour Street, 1824-7. From 1813 Inwood for several years exhi- bited architectural designs at the Royal Aca- demy. He died at his house in Upper Seymour Street, London, on 16 March 1843 (in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for 1843, new ser. xix. 547, he is described as ' late of Euston
Square '). He was buried in the family vault in St. Pancras New Church. He had many pupils, one of whom was AV. Railton the ar- chitect. Inwood published (in 1811 or 1819 ?) ' Tables for the Purchasing of Estates . . . and for the Renewal of Leases held under . . . Corporate Bodies.' A second edition of this well-known work, which was founded on the tables of Baily and Smart, appeared in 1820, and the 21st edition, by F. Thoman, in 1880.
His eldest son, Henry William, is sepa- rately noticed. His second, CHARLES FRE- DERICK IXWOOD (1798-1840), also an archi- tect, acted as assistant to his father and brother, designed All Saints' Church, Great Marlow (opened 1835), and the St. Pancras National Schools, London.
[Architectural Publ. Soc. Diet.; Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists.] W. W.
IOLO GOCH, or the RED (Jl. 1328-1405), Welsh bard, whose real name is said to be EDWARD LLWTD, was lord of Llechryd and resided at Coed Pantwn in Denbighshire, his mother, according to Gruffydd Hiraethog [q. v.], being the Countess of Lincoln. The recently extinct family of Pantons of Plas- gwyn, Anglesey, traced its descent from lolo. He is said to have received a university edu- cation, and to have taken the degrees of M. A. and Doctor of Laws. According to a state- ment in a late manuscript (printed in lolo MSS. pp. 96, 491), he attended the last of the ' three Eisteddfods of the Renascence ' of Welsh literature (Tair Eisteddfod Dadeni), which was held, probably in 1330, at Maelor (Bromfield), under the patronage and pro- tection of Roger Mortimer, first earl of March. Dafydd ap Gwilym [q. v.] was the president, and lolo was made a ' chaired bard ' for his knowledge of the laws of poetry, his tutor being Ednyfed ab Gruffydd. lolo must have been quite a young man at the time. A diffi- culty has been made as to his date, because he wrote an elegy on the death of Tudur ab Gronw, of the family of Edny ved Fychan of Penmynydd, Anglesey, who is said to have died in 1315 ; but itappearsfrom a genealogical table of that family (Archceologia Cambrensis, 3rd ser. xv. 378) that there was another Tudur ab Gronw, who died in 1367 ( Y Cymmrodor, v. 261-3), and the elegy probably referred to the latter. lolo was a staunch friend of Owen Glendower [q. v.], who owned a neighbour- ing estate. When Owen was in the height of his glory he invited lolo to stay at his house at Sycharth, which must have been before 2 May 1402, when it was burned by Hotspur ; and after his visit the poet wrote a glowing description of the splendour of Owen's palace,
lolo Goch
lorwerth
comparing it with Westminster Abbey. On this account lolo has often been erroneously described as Owen's family bard (FouLKES, Geiriadur Bywgraffyddol, p. 553) instead of his friend and neighbour. This poem is preserved in a manuscript volume in the British Museum, known as the ' Book of Huw Lleyn ' (Add. MS. 14967), which is in the handwriting of Guttyn Owain, written prior to 1487. When Owen actually broke out into rebellion, lolo, though in advanced years, poured forth stirring patriotic songs in his praise, and chief among them is one 'com- posed with the view of stirring up his country- men to support the cause of Owen' (Welsh text in JONES, Gorchestion Beirdd Cymru, p. 79, English translation in Y Cymmrodor, vi. 98). Much of Owen's early success may be justly attributed to the enthusiasm created by lolo's stirring verses. The appearance of a comet in March 1402 (WALSINGHAM, Hist. Anglicana, ii. 248) was made the subject of a poem by lolo, in which he prophesied Owen's coming triumph (JONES, Gorchestion, p. 84). In another poem, possibly the last he ever wrote, he lamented the mysterious disappear- ance of Owen in 1412, though he still fore- told his ultimate success (ib. p. 81 ; see Eng- lish translation in Y Cymmrodor, iv. pt. ii. pp. 230-2). He probably died soon after- wards [see GLENDOWER, OWEN].
Besides the numerous poems inspired by the political events of his time, much devo- tional verse was composed by lolo. Seven of his poems were published in ' Gorchestion Beirdd Cymru,' edited by Rhys Jones. An elegy on Dafydd ap Gwilym was printed in that poet's works edited by Owen Jones in 1789. In 1877 the Rev. Robert Jones [q.v.] commenced to publish a complete edition of lolo's poems for the Cymmrodorion Society, but he died when thirteen only had been printed, two of which had previously been published in Jones's ' Gorchestion.' Only eighteen of lolo's poems have therefore been printed. One hundred and twenty-eight poems by him are mentioned as scattered throughout different volumes of the Myvyrian collection in the British Museum (Add. MSS. 14962- 15089), but some of these are probably du- plicates. There are many at Peniarth, par- ticularly in Hengwrt MSS. 253 a, 330, 356, and 361, and three are also included in the ' Red Book of Hergest.' lolo is said to have written a history of the three principalities of Wales (JONES, Poetical Eelicks of Welsh Bards, ed. 1794, p. 87), but this has long since been lost.
[Williams's Eminent Welshmen ; Hans Llenyddiaeth y Cymry, by G-. ab Ehys, pp. 127- 135.] D. LL. T.
IORWERTH AB BLEDDTN (d. 1112), Welsh prince, was a younger son of Bleddyn ab Cynvyn, and brother, therefore, of Cadw- gan (d. 1112) [q.v.], Madog, Rhirid, and Maredudd. In 1100 he was living in Cere- digion as the vassal of Robert of Belleme, earl of Shrewsbury [q. v.], and to some extent joint ruler with his elder brother Cadwgan (d. 1112) [q.v.], the prince of Ceredigion and part of Powys. In 1102, when Belleme revolted against Henry I, he called on the Britons sub- ject to him to come to his help, promising them property, gifts, and freedom (Brut y Tywysogion, p. 69, Rolls ed. The dates of the ' Brut ' are here two years wrong). lor- werth accompanied Cadwgan to the neigh- bourhood of Bridgnorth to annoy the troops which Henry I had brought against Robert's stronghold (OBDEKictrs VITALIS, Hist. JEccl. iv. 173, ed. Le PrSvost). Henry now sent William Pantoul or Pantulf, a bitter enemy of his former lord, Belleme, to buy off the Welsh kings (ib. iv. 174). He separated lorwerth from Cadwgan by promising him Powys, Ceredigion, half of Dy ved (including Pembroke Castle), Ystrad Towy, Gower, and Kidwelly, ' whilst the king should live, free without homage and payment \Bruty Tywy- soyion, p. 71). lorwerth went to the king's camp and agreed to change sides. While Cadwgan and Maredudd were still with Earl Robert, lorwerth managed to turn the whole Welsh army against the lord of Shrewsbury. This unexpected blow was the more severe as Belleme had sent his cattle and riches for safety among the Britons. He saw that all was lost, in despair abandoned Bridgnorth, and soon lost his power altogether. The Welsh writers perhaps assign too great a share to lorwerth in bringing about Belleme's fall, but it was not inconsiderable.
lorwerth was now at war with his brothers, but he soon made peace with Cadwgan, ac- knowledging him as lord of his former pos- sessions in Ceredigion and Powys and con- tenting himself with the rest of King Henry's grant. But he took Maredudd prisoner and handed him over to King Henry. He then repaired to Henry to receive his reward. But the king broke his word, and gave Dy ved to a Norman knight named Saer, and Ystrad Towy, Gower, and Kidwelly to a rival Welsh chieftain, Howel, son of Goronwy. Next year (1103) lorwerth was summoned to Shrewsbury, and, after a day's trial before the king's council, in which all his pleadings and claims were judged against him, was thrown into prison, ' not according to law but according to power.' ' Then failed the hope and happiness of all the Britons' (ib. p. 77).
Irby
Irby
lorwerth remained in prison until 1111 (Annales Cambria, p. 34 ; Eruty Tywysogion, p. 97, dates his release in 1107). He was then released by the king on giving hostages and paying a ransom, and his territory (apparently some part of Powys) was restored to him. But his outlawed nephews, Owain, son of Cadwgan, and Madog, son of Rhirid, took up their abode on his lands and hid their prey there. lorwerth in vain besought them to leave him in peace. As he had been strongly enjoined to have no intercourse with them but to hunt them out and deliver them to the king, he was forced to collect his followers and pursue them. They retreated to Meirio- nydd, but soon went to Ceredigion, whose ruler, Cadwgan, was now again on good terms with lorwerth. There they committed fresh outrages. lorwerth accompanied Cadwgan on his visit to the king's court to deprecate Henry's wrath. Henry deprived Cadwgan of Ceredigion for his weakness, but left lorwerth in possession of Powys. Madog soon went back to lorwerth's territory. lorwerth was still afraid to receive him, so Madog hid him- self and joined Llywerch, son of Trahaiarn, in a plot against his uncle. They at last (1112) made a night attack on lorwerth's house in Caereineon, and sent up a shout which awoke lorwerth, who bravely defended the house. Madog set fire to it, and lor- werth's companions escaped, leaving him in the fire. lorwerth, severely burnt, tried to get out, but his enemies received him on the points of their spears and slew him.
[Brut y Tywysogion, the Welsh text in J. G-. Evans's Red Book of Hergest, vol. ii., the Eng- lish translation in the Rolls ed. ; Annales Cam- brise (Rolls ed.) ; Ordericus Vitalis, Hist. Eccl. ed. Le Prevost ; Freeman's William Rufus, ii. 424-53.] T. F. T.
IRBY, CHARLES LEONARD (1789- 1845), captain in the navy and traveller, born 9 Oct. 1789, was sixth son of Frederick Irby, second lord Boston, and brother of Rear- admiral Frederick Paul Irby [q. v.] He entered the navy in 1801, and after serving in the North Sea and Mediterranean, at the Cape of Good Hope, the reduction of Monte Video, and in the Bay of Biscay, was pro- moted to be lieutenant on 13 Oct. 1808. He afterwards served at the reduction of Mauri- tius, and on the coast of North America ; and on 7 June 1814 was promoted to the command of the Thames, in which he took part in the unfortunate expedition against New Orleans. Ill-health compelled him to resign the command in May 1815; and in the summer of 1816 he left England in company with an old friend and messmate, Captain
James Mangles [q. v.], with the intention of making a tour 011 the continent. The jour- ney was extended far beyond their original design. They visited Egypt, and, going up the Nile, in the company of Giovanni Baptista Belzoni [q. v.] and Henry William Beechey [q. v.], explored the temple at Abu-Simbel (Ipsamboul) ; afterwards, they went across the desert and along the coast, with a divergence to Balbec and the Cedars, and reached Aleppo, where they met William John Bankes [q. v.] and Thomas Legh, who with themselves were the earliest of modern explorers of Syria. Thence they travelled to Palmyra, Damascus, down the valley of the Jordan, and so to Jerusalem. They after- wards passed round the Dead Sea, and through the Holy Land. At Acre they embarked in a Venetian brig for Constantinople ; but being both dangerously ill of dysentery, they were landed at Cyprus for medical assistance. In the middle of December 1818 they shipped on board a vessel bound for Marseilles, which they reached after a boisterous passage of seventy-six days. Their letters during their journeyings were afterwards collected, and privately printed in 1 823 under the title of ' Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria and Asia Minor, during the years 1817-18.' In 1844 they were published as a volume of Murray's ' Colonial and Home Library.'
In August 1826 Irby was appointed to command the Pelican sloop, fitting out for the Mediterranean, where she was actively employed in the suppression of piracy in the Levant and on the coast of Greece. On 2 July 1827 he was posted to the Ariadne, but was not relieved from the command of the Peli- can till the end of September ; and after the battle of Navarino he was appointed by Sir Edward Codrington to bring home the Genoa [see BATHTTRST, WALTER], which he paid off at Plymouth in January 1828. He had no further service, and died on 3 Dec. 1845. He married, in February 1825, Frances, a sister of his friend Captain Mangles, and left issue.
[Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biog. x. (vol.iii. pt. ii.) 1 ; O'Byrne's Naval Biographical Diet. ; Gent. Mag. 1845, xxv. new ser. 536 ; Travels in Egypt, &c. (as ia text) ; Foster's Peerage.] J. K. L.
IRBY, FREDERICK PAUL (1779- 1844), rear-admiral, born on 18 April 1779, was second son of Frederick, second lord Boston, and brother of Captain Charles Leo- nard Irby [q. v.] He entered the navy in 1791, served on the home and North Ameri- can stations, and, as midshipman of the Mon- tagu, was present in the battle of 1 June 1794. On 6 Jan. 1797 he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Circe frigate, in which
Irby
he was present at the battle of Camperdown. He was afterwards in the Apollo, which was wrecked near the Texel on 7 Jan. 1799. On 22 April 1800 he was promoted to command the Volcano bomb ; in the following year was moved into the Jalouse, was employed in the North Sea, and was advanced to post rank on 14 April 1802. In 1805 he had command of the sea-fencibles in the Essex district, and towards the end of 1807 was appointed to the Amelia, a 38-gun frigate, on the home station, one of the squadron under Rear- admiral Stopford, which, on 24 Feb. 1809, drove ashore and destroyed three large fri- gates near Sables d'Olonne [see STOPFORD, SIR ROBERT]. The Amelia, being the look- out ship of the squadron, first sighted them, engaged them in a running fight, and received little material support from her consorts. Irby's gallantry and the good conduct of his men elicited the special approval of the admi- ralty. For the next two years he continued ac- tivelyemployed on the coast of France,and on 24 March 1811 he assisted in driving on shore and destroying the French frigate Amazone. Still in the Amelia, Irby was afterwards sent as senior officer of the squadron on the west coast of Africa, which was employed in the suppression of the slave trade and the support of our settlements. In the end of January 181 3, as he was on the point of leaving Sierra Leone for England, two French 40-gun fri- gates, Arethuse and Rubis, arrived on the coast. Each of them was of rather more than the nominal force of the Amelia, whose crew was, moreover, worn and reduced by the two years of African climate, while the enemy's ships were newly come from France. Irby, however, at once put to sea, meaning to keep watch on them, while he collected such force as was on the station ; but coming in sight of them at anchor on 6 Feb., the Arethuse weighed and stood out to meet him. Irby, who did not know that the Rubis had been on shore and was disabled, made sail off the land in order to draw the Arethuse away from her consort, and it was not till the evening of the next day, 7 Feb., that he turned to meet the French ship. One of the most equal and gallant actions of the war then followed. After four hours of stubborn fight, both frigates had received such injuries that they were unable to continue. They separated to repair damages, and neither was willing to renew the combat. Each re- ported that the other had fled, though, in the damaged state in which they both were, flight was impossible. Irby was naturally in momentary apprehension of the Rubis join- ing her consort, and at the same time felt sure that the Arethuse would be compelled
) Ireland
to return to France, and that the Rubis would go with her. He thus felt justified, for the sake of his many wounded, in leaving the coast. The Amelia was paid off in May 1813, and Irby had no further service. He was made a C.B. in 1831, became a rear- admiral in 1837, and died on 24 April 1844. He was twice married, and left a numerous issue.
[Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biog. iii. (vol. ii.) 488 ; Men of the Eeign ; James's Naval His- tory, ed. of 1860, vi. 42 ; Chevalier's Histoire de la Marine Fran<jaise sous le Consulat et 1'Empire, p. 299 ; Foster's Peerage.] J. K. L.
IRELAND, DIJKE op. [See VERE, RO- BERT DE.]
IRELAND, FRANCIS (fl. 1745-1773), musical composer. [See HUTCHESON, FRANCIS, the younger.]
IRELAND, JOHN (d. 1808), author, was born at the Trench Farm, near Wem in Shropshire ; the house had been the birth- place and country house of Wycherley, whose widow is said to have adopted him, but, dying without a will, to have left him unprovided for. His mother was daughter of the Rev. Thomas Holland, and granddaughter of Philip Henry [q. v.] Ireland was first apprenticed to Isaac Wood, a watchmaker, of Shrewsbury. He afterwards practised as a watchmaker in Maiden Lane, London, and was a well-known member of the society that frequented the Three Feathers coffee-house, Leicester Fields (see J. T. SMITH, Book for a Rainy Day). He published in 1785 a poem, ' The Emigrant,' for which he apologised on the score of youth. He was a friend of John Henderson [q. v.] the actor, and in 1786 published Hender- son's ' Letters and Poems, with Anecdotes of his Life,' a book of some merit. Ireland was a great admirer and collector of the works of William Hogarth [q. v.] In 1793 he was employed by Messrs. Boydell to edit a work on the lines of Trusler's ' Hogarth Moralised,' and called ' Hogarth Illustrated.' The first two volumes were published in 1791, and reprinted in 1793 and 1806. Sub- sequently Ireland obtained from Mrs. Lewis, the executrix of Mrs. Hogarth, a number of manuscripts and sketches which had belonged to Hogarth, including the original manuscript of the 'Analysis of Beauty,' and many auto- biographical memoranda and sketches pre- pared by Hogarth himself in view of the publication of 'A History of the Arts.' From this Ireland compiled a biography of the artist, which has been the foundation of all subsequent memoirs. It was published in 1798 as a supplementary volume to his ' Hogarth
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3°
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Illustrated, with Engravings from some hitherto unpublished Drawings.' A second edition of the ' Supplement ' appeared in 1804 ; the whole work was reprinted in 1812. Ireland died in Birmingham in November 1808.
His collection was sold by auction on 5 and 6 March 1810. A portrait of Ireland was engraved by Isaac Mills from a drawing by J. R. Smith, which was afterwards in the collection of J. B. Nichols. Another por- trait, drawn by his friend J. H. Mortimer, was engraved by Skelton for his ' Hogarth Illus- trated ; ' a copy of this by T. Tagg appeared in the later reprints. A portrait of him, drawn by R. "VVestall, R.A., is in the print room at the British Museum, where there is also a small drawing of him prefixed to a copy of the sale catalogue of his collection. He was no relation to Samuel Ireland (d. 1800) [q. v.] He is sometimes stated to have been a print-seller, but, if this was the case, he does not appear to have concerned himself with other engravings than those by or after Hogarth,
[Gent. Mag. 1808, Ixviii. 1189; Chalmers's Biog. Diet. ; Shropshire Archseol. Trans. 2nd ser. ii. 349 ; Ireland's own works.] L. C.
IRELAND, JOHN, D.D. (1761-1842), dean of Westminster, born at Ashburton, Devonshire, on 8 Sept. 1761, was son of Thomas Ireland, a butcher of that town, and of Elizabeth his wife. He was educated at the free grammar school of Ashburton, under the Rev. Thomas Smerdon. William Gifford [q. v.] was a fellow-pupil, and their friend- ship continued unbroken until death. For a short time Ireland was in the shop of a shoe- maker in his native town; but on 8 Dec. 1779, when aged 18, he matriculated as bible- clerk at Oriel College, Oxford. He gra- duated B.A. on 30 June 1783, M.A. as grand compounder on 13 June 1810, and B.D. and D.D. on 24 Oct. 1810. After serving a small curacy near Ashburton for a short time, he travelled on the continent as tutor to the son of Sir James Wright. From 15 July 1793 till 1816 he was vicar of Croydon. While in that position he acted as reader and chap- lain to the Earl of Liverpool, who procured his appointment to a prebendal stall in West- minster Abbey (14 Aug. 1802). His con- nection with the abbey lasted for life. He was made subdean in 1806, when the theo- logical lectureship, which was founded at Westminster by the statutes of Queen Eliza- beth, was revived for him, and on the death of Dean Vincent in December 1815 he was promoted to the deanery, being installed on 9 Feb. 1816. From 1816 to 1835 Ireland
held the rectory of Islip in Oxfordshire, and he was also dean of the order of the Bath. The regius professorship of divinity at Oxford was offered to him in 1813, but he declined it. With such preferments Ireland acquired con- siderable wealth, which he used with great generosity. In 1825 he gave 4,000/. for the foundation at Oxford of four scholarships, of the value of 301. a year each, ' for the pro- motion of classical learning and taste.' (For a full list of the scholars, see Oxford Mag. 21 Jan. 1891.) To Westminster* School he gave bOOl. for the establishment of prizes for poems in Latin hexameters. (For a list of the winners from 1821 to 1851, see WELCH, Alumni Westmonasterienses, ed. Phillimore.) Mindful of the advantages he had derived from his free education in classics, he ex- pended 2,000/. in purchasing a house in East Street, Ashburton, as a , residence for the master of its grammar school, left an endow- ment for its repair, and drew up statutes for remodelling the school. For the support of six old persons of the same town he settled a fund of 301. per annum.
For four years before his death Ireland was in feeble health, but he lived to a great age, dying at the deanery, Westminster, on 2 Sept. 1842, and being buried on 8 Sept. by the side of Gifford, in the south transept of the abbey, where a monument, with a Latin inscription, was placed to his memory. He married Susannah, only daughter of John Short of Bickham, Devonshire, who died without issue at Islip rectory on 9 Nov. 1826, aged 71. Though much of his property passed to his relatives, he left 5,000/. for the erection of a new church at Westminster, which was in- validated under the Mortmain Acts ; 10,000/. to the university of Oxford for a professor of the exegesis of the Holy Scripture ; and 2,0001. to Oriel College for exhibitions. As dean of Westminster he held the crown at the coronations of George IV, William IV, and Queen Victoria, and his likeness, as he ap- peared on the first of these occasions, was drawn by G. P. Harding, and engraved by James Stow in Harding's series of portraits of the deans in Brayley's ' Westminster Abbey,' illustrated by Neale, and also in Sir George Naylor's ' Coronation of George IV/ A marble bust of him by Chantrey is in the Bodleian Library. An early portrait by Hoppner has not been engraved.
Ireland was the author of: 1. 'Five Dis- courses for and against the Reception of Christianity by the Antient Jews andGreeks,' 1796. 2. ' Vindicise Regise, or a Defence of the Kingly Office, in two Letters to Earl Stanhope' [anon.], 1797, 2 editions. 3. ' Let- ters of Fabius to Right Hon. William Pitt,
Ireland 3
on his proposed Abolition of the Test in favour of the Roman Catholics of Ireland' [anon.], 1801. The letters originally appeared in Cob- bett's paper, ' The Porcupine.' 4. ' Nuptiae Same, or an Enquiry into the Scriptural Doc- trine of Marriage and Divorce' [anon.], 1801. Reprinted by desire 1821, and again in 1830.
5. ' The Claims of the Establishment,' 1807.
6. ' Paganism and Christianity compared, in a Course of Lectures to the King's Scholars at Westminster in 1806-7-8,' 1809 ; new edit., 1825. The lectures were continued until the summer of 1812, the second subject being ' The History and Principles of Revelation,' but they were not printed. 7. ' Letter to Henry Brougham,' 1818, and in the ' Pam- phleteer,' vol. xiv. relating to certain cha- rities at Croydon, which were referred to by Brougham in his ' Letter to Sir Samuel Ro- milly on the Abuse of Charities.' A printed letter to Sir William Scott on the same sub- ject is also attributed to Ireland in the Cata- logue of the British Museum Library. 8. ' The Plague of Marseilles in 1720. From docu- ments preserved in the archives of that city, 1834.' It was read by Sir Henry Halford at the College of Physicians, 26 May 1834. A lecture on the ' Plague of Athens compared with the Plague of the Levant and that of Milan in 1630 ' was also written by Ireland, and read by Halford on 27 Feb. 1832, but does not appear to have been printed. When dying he ordered that all his manuscripts should be destroyed.
Ireland gave valuable assistance to Wil- liam Gifford in his edition of the works of Massinger, and Gifford cordially acknow- ledged his help in his translation of Juvenal. In the ' Maeviad ' (lines 303, &c.) are some touching allusions by Gifford to their long friendship, and among the odes is an 'Imita- tion of Horace,' addressed to Ireland. At the close of the ' Memoir of Ben Jonson ' ( Works, i. p. ccxlvii) is a feeling reference by Gifford to his friend, and in announcing to Canning his retirement from the editorship of the ' Quarterly Review ' (September 1824), he mentions that Ireland had stood closely by him during the whole period of its exist- ence. He is said to have contributed many articles to the early numbers of the ' Quar- terly,' but none of these have been identified. Ireland proved Gifford's will, and obtainec his consent to his burial at Westminstei Abbey.
Edward Hawkins [q. v.], provost of Oriel and first professor of the exegesis of the Holy Scripture under Ireland's will, delivered the inaugural lecture (2 Nov. 1847), which was afterwards printed, ' with brief notices of the founder.
Ireland
[Welch's Alumni Westmonast. ed. Phillimore, 3p. 36, 538, 540-2 ; Forshall's Westminster School, pp. 110-11 ; Chester's Eeg. of Westmin- ster Abbey, p. 510 ; Stapleton's Corresp. of Can- ning, i. 225-6 ; Worthy's Ashburton, pp. 38, 47, and App. pp. x, xi, xxv ; Gifford's Massinger, . pp. xxxiv-v ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. vi. 9, 11 ; Foster's Oxford Reg. ; Gent. Mag. 1826 pt. ii. p. 476, 1842 pt. ii. pp. 549-50.] W. P. C.
IRELAND, SAMUEL (d. 1800), author and engraver, began life as a weaver in Spitalfields, London, but soon took to deal- ing in prints and drawings and devoted his Leisure to teaching himself drawing, etching, and engraving. He made sufficient progress to obtain a medal from the Society of Arts in 1760. In 1784 he appears as an exhibitor for the first and apparently only time at the Royal Academy, sending a view of Ox- ford (cf. Catalogues, 1780-90). Between 1780 and 1785 he etched many plates after John Hamilton Mortimer and Hogarth. Etched portraits by him of General Ogle- thorpe (in 1785) and Thomas Inglefield, an armless artist (1787), are in the print room of the British Museum, together with etch- ings after Ruisdael (1786) and Teniers (1787) and other masters, and some architectural drawings in water-colour. There is some- thing amateurish about all his artistic work. Meanwhile his taste for collecting books, pic- tures, and curiosities gradually became an all- absorbing passion, and his methods exposed him at times to censure. In 1787 Horace Wai- pole, writing of an edition (limited to forty copies) of a pamphlet which he was pre- paring at Strawberry Hill, complained that ' a Mr. Ireland, a collector, I believe with interested views, bribed my engraver to sell him a print of the frontispiece, has etched it himself, and I have heard has represented the piece, and I suppose will sell some copies, as part of the forty ' (Letters, ed. Cunning- ham, ix. 110). In 1794 Ireland proved the value of a part of his collection by issuing- ' Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth, from Pic- tures, Drawings, and Scarce Prints in the Author's possession.' Some of the plates- were etched by himself. A second volume appeared in 1799. The work is of high in- terest, although it is possible that Ireland has, either wilfully or ignorantly, assigned to Hogarth some drawings by other artists (cf. sketch of Dennis in vol. ii.)
In 1790 Ireland published ' A Picturesque Tour through France, Holland, Brabant, and part of France made in the Autumn of 1789,' London (2 vols. roy. 8vo and in large- paper 4to). It was dedicated to Francis Grose and contained etchings on copper in aqua-tinta from drawings made by the
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author ' on the spot.' He paid at least one visit to France (cf. W. H. IRELAND, Con- fessions, p. 5), and the charge brought against him by his enemies that he was never out of England is unfounded. A second edition appeared in 1795. The series, which was long valued by collectors, was continued in the same form in ' Picturesque Views on the Eiver Thames,' 1792 (2 vols.,2nd ed. 1800-1), dedicated to Earl Harcourt ; in ' Picturesque Views on the River Medway,' 1793 (1 vol.), dedicated to the Countess Do wager of Ayles- ford ; in ' Picturesque Views on the War- wickshire Avon,' 1795 (1 vol.), dedicated to the Earl of Warwick ; and in ' Picturesque Views on the River Wye,' 1797 (1 vol.) In 1800, just after Ireland's death, appeared ' Picturesque Views, with an Historical Ac- count of the Inns of Court in London and Westminster,' dedicated to Alexander, lord Loughborough, and the series was con- cluded by the publication in 1824 of ' Pic- turesque Views on the River Severn '(2 vols.), with coloured lithographs, after drawings by Ireland, and descriptions by T. Harral. Ireland had announced the immediate issue of this work in his volume on the Wye in 1797.
In 1790 Ireland resided in Arundel Street, Strand, and a year later removed to 8 Nor- folk Street. His household consisted of Mrs. Freeman, a housekeeper and amanuensis, whose handwriting shows her to have been a woman of education, a son William Henry, and a daughter Jane. The latter painted some clever miniatures. He had also a mar- ried daughter, Anna Maria Barnard.
Doubts are justifiable about the legitimacy -of the surviving son, WILLIAM HENRY IRE- LAND (1777-1835), the forger of Shake- speare manuscripts, with whose history the later career of the father is inextricably con- nected. Malone asserted that his mother was Mrs. Irwin, a married woman who was separated from her husband, and with whom the elder Ireland lived (manuscript note in British Museum copy of W. H. IRE- LAND'S Authentic Account, 1796, p. 1). Ac- cording to the same authority the boy was baptised as William Henry Irwin in the church of St. Clement Danes in the Strand in 1777, in which year he was undoubtedly born, but there is no confirmation of the statement in the parish register. He him- self, in a letter to his father dated January 1797 (Addit. MS. 30346, f. 307), mournfully admitted that there was a mystery respect- ing his birth, which his father had promised to clear up on his coming of age, and in an earlier letter, 13 Dec. 1796, he signed him- aelf ' W. H. Freeman,' evidence that he be-
lieved his father's housekeeper to be his mother (ib. f. 3026). Although undoubtedly christened in the names of William Henry, his father habitually called him ' Sam,' in affectionate memory, it was asserted, of a dead brother, and he occasionally signed him- self 'Samuel Ireland, junior,' and ' S. W. H. Ireland.' At first educated at private schools in Kensington, Baling, and Soho, he was sent when he was thirteen to schools in France, and he retained through life the complete knowledge of French which he ac- quired during his four years' stay there. On his return home he was articled to William Bingley, a conveyancer in chancery of New Inn. He enmlated his father's love of an- tiquities, and while still a boy picked up many rare books. He studied Percy's ' Re- liques,' Grose's ' Ancient Armoury,' and mediaeval poems and romances, and amused himself by writing verse in imitation of early authors. His father read aloud to him Herbert Croft's ' Love and Madness,' and the story of Chatterton, with which part of the book deals, impressed him deeply. At the same time he was devoted to the stage. The elder Ireland was a fervent admirer of Shake- speare, and about 1794, when preparing his ' Picturesque Views of the Avon,' he took his son with him to Stratford-on-Avon. They carefully examined all the spots associated with the dramatist. The father accepted as true many unauthentic village traditions, including those concocted for his benefit by John Jordan [q. v.], the Stratford poet, who was his chief guide throughout his visit ; and he fully credited an absurd tale of the recent destruction of Shakespeare's own manuscripts by an ignorant owner of Clop- ton House.
Returning to London in the autumn of 1794, young Ireland, who developed lying proclivities at an early age, obtained some ink which had all the appearance of ancient origin, and wrote on the fly-leaf of an Eliza- bethan tract a dedicatory letter professing to have been addressed by the author to Queen Elizabeth. His father was com- pletely deceived. The young man had much time to himself at Bingley's chambers, and had free access there to a collection of parch- ment deeds of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. At the house of Albany Wal- lis, a solicitor of Norfolk Street, and an inti- mate friend of his father, he had similar opportunities of examining old legal docu- ments. In December 1794 he cut from an ancient deed in Bingley's office a piece of old parchment, and wrote on it in an old law hand a mortgage deed purporting to have been made between Shakespeare and John Hem-
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inge on the one part, and Michael Fraser and his wife on the other. The language and sig- nature of Shakespeare were copied from the genuine mortgage deed of 1612, which had been printed in facsimile by George Steevens. Old seals torn from other early deeds were ap- pended. On 16 Dec. young Ireland presented the document to his father, who at once ac- cepted it as genuine, and was corroborated in his opinion next day by Sir Frederick Eden, who carefully examined it. In the follow- ing months William supplied his father with many similar documents, and with verses and letters bearing Shakespeare's forged sig- nature written on fly-leaves torn from Eliza- bethan books. He also produced a large number of early printed volumes in which he had written Shakespeare's name on the title- pages, and notes and verses in the same feigned handwriting on the margin. A transcript of ' Lear,' with a few alterations from the printed copies, and a few extracts from ' Hamlet,' were soon added to the col- lection. The orthography, imitated from Chatterton's ' Rowley Poems,' was chiefly characterised by a reckless duplication of consonants, and the addition of e to the end of words. When his father inquired as to the source of such valuable treasure-trove, young Ireland told a false story of having met at a friend's house a rich gentleman who had freely placed the documents at his disposal, on the condition that his name was not to be revealed beyond the initials ' M. H.' Mon- tague Talbot, a friend of young Ireland, who was at the time a law-clerk, but subsequently was well known as an actor in Dublin under the name of Montague, accidentally dis- covered the youth in the act of preparing one of the manuscripts, but he agreed to keep the secret, suggested modes of develop- ing the scheme, and in letters to his friend's father subsequently corroborated the fable of ' M. H.,' the unknown gentleman. When the father was preparing to meet adverse criticism, he made eager efforts to learn more of ' M. H.,' and addressed letters to him, which he gave William Henry to deliver. The an- swers received, though penned by his son in a slightly disguised handwriting, did not ex- cite suspicion. The supposititious correspon- dent declined to announce his name, but took every opportunity of eulogising William Henry as ' brother in genius to Shakespeare,' and enclosed on 25 July 1795 some extracts from a drama on William the Conqueror, avowedly William Henry's composition.
In February 1795 the elder Ireland had arranged all the documents for exhibition at his house in Norfolk Street, and invited the chief literary men of the day to inspect them.
VOL. XXIX.
The credulity displayed somewhat excuses Ireland's sell-deception. Dr. Parr and Dr. Joseph Warton came together, and the latter, on reading an alleged profession of faith by Shakespeare, declared it to be finer than any- thing in the English church service. Bos- well kissed the supposed relics on his knees (20 Feb.) James Boaden acknowledged their genuineness, while Caley and many offi- cers of the College of Arms affected to demon- strate their authenticity on palseographical grounds. Dr. Valpy of Reading and George Chalmers were frequent visitors, and brought many friends. On 25 Feb. Parr, Sir Isaac Heard, Herbert Croft, Pye, the poet laureate, and sixteen others, signed a paper solemnly testifying to their belief in the manuscripts. Person refused to append his signature. The exhibition, which roused much public excite- ment, continued for more than a year. On 17 Nov. Ireland and his son carried the papers to St. James's Palace, where the Duke of Clarence and Mrs. Jordan examined them, and on 30 Dec. Ireland submitted them to the Prince of Wales at Carlton House.
Meanwhile the collection had been growing. Encouraged by his success, young Ireland had presented his father in March with a new blank-verse play, ' Vortigern and Rowena,' in what he represented to be Shakespeare's auto- graph, and he subsequently produced a tra- gedy entitled ' Henry II,' which, though tran- scribed in his own handwriting, he represented to have been copied from an original in Shake- speare's handwriting. On the announcement of the discovery of Vortigern,' Sheridan, the lessee of Drury Lane Theatre, and Harris of Covent Garden both applied to Ireland for permission to read it, with a view to its representation. In the summer young Ireland concocted a series of deeds to prove that an ancestor of the same names as himself had saved Shakespeare from drowning, and had been rewarded by the dramatist with all the manuscripts which had just been brought to light. It was not, however, with the assent of his son that Ireland issued a prospectus announcing the publication of the docu- ments in facsimile (4 March 1795). The price to subscribers for large-paper copies was fixed at four guineas, and in December 1795 the volume appeared. Its title was ' Miscellaneous Papers and Legal Instru- ments under the hand and seal of William Shakespeare, including the tragedy of King Lear, and a small fragment of Hamlet, from the original MSS. in the possession of Samuel Ireland ' (London, 1796). Neither 'Vorti- gern ' nor ' Henry II ' was included.
From the first some writers in the news- papers had denounced the papers as forgeries
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34
Ireland
(cf. Morning Herald, 17 Feb. 1795). Eitson and George Steevens, among the earliest visi- tors to Norfolk Street, perceived tlie fraud. Malone, although he declined to call at Ire- land's house,was soon convinced of the deceit, and promised to expose it. James Boaden, a former believer, grew sceptical ; placed the ' Oracle,' of which he was editor, at the dis- posal of the unbelievers, and published early in 1796 ' A Letter to George Steevens,' at- tacking Ireland. ' A Comparative View of the Opinions of James Boaden,' from the pen of Ireland's friend Wyatt, ' Shakespeare's Manuscripts, by Philalftthes ' [i.e. Colonel Francis Webb], and ' Vortigern under Con- sideration,' by W. C. Oulton, were rapidly published in Ireland's behalf in answer to Boaden. Porson ridiculed the business in a translation of ' Three Children Sliding on the Ice' into Greek iambics, which he represented as a newly discovered fragment of Sophocles. A pamphlet by F. G. Waldron, entitled ' Free Reflections,' was equally contemptuous, and supplied in an appendix a pretended Shake- spearean drama, entitled ' The Virgin Queen.' The orthography of the papers was unmerci- fully parodied by the journalists. The ' Morn- ing Herald ' published in the autumn of 1795 Henry Bate Dudley's mock version of the much-talked-of ' Vortigern,' which was still unpublished, and Ireland had to warn the public against mistaking it for the genuine play. Dudley's parody was issued separately in 1796 as ' Passages on the Great Literary Trial.'
After much negotiation Sheridan in Sep- tember 1795 had agreed to produce ' Vor- tigern ' at Drury Lane. Two hundred and fifty pounds were to be paid at once to Ireland, and half-profits were promised him on each performance after 350?. had been received by the management (cf. agreement inAddit^MS. 30348, ff. 22 sq.) When the piece was sent to the theatre in December Kemble's suspicions were aroused. Delays followed, and Ireland wrote many letters to both Sheridan and Kemble, complaining of their procrastination. At length the piece was cast ; the chief actors of the company were allotted parts. Pye wrote a prologue, but it was too dubious in tone to satisfy Ireland, who rejected it in favour of one of Sir James Bland Burges [q. v.] ; Robert Merry prepared an epilogue to be spoken by Mrs. Jordan ; William Linley wrote music for the songs. When the play was put into rehearsal Mrs. Siddons and Mrs. Palmer resigned their characters, on the spe- cious excuse of ill-health. On the eve of the performance (March 1796) Malone issued his caustic ' Inquiry into the Authenticity ' of the papers, to which Ireland temporarily replied
in a handbill, appealing to the public to give the play a fair hearing. On Saturday, 2 April 1796, the piece was produced. Kemble, who had been prevented by Ireland's complaints from fixing the previous night — April Fool's day — for the event, nevertheless added to the programme the farce entitled ' My Grand- mother,' and Covent Garden announced for representation a play significantly entitled ' The Lie of the Day.' Drury Lane Theatre was crowded. At first all went well, but the audience was in a risible humour, and the baldness of the language soon began to pro- voke mirth. When, in act v. sc. 2, Kemble had to pronounce the line
And when this solemn mockery is o'er,
deafening peals of laughter rang through the house and lasted until the piece was con- cluded (cf. Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iii. 492). Barrymore's announcement of a second per- formance met with a roar of disapprobation. The younger Ireland afterwards commemo- rated the kindly encouragement which Mrs. Jordan offered him in the green-room, but for Kemble and most of the other actors he ex- pressed the bitterest scorn. Kemble asserted that he did all he could to save the piece {Clubs of London, 1828, ii. 107). The receipts from the first and only performance amounted to 555/. 6s. Qd., of which 1021. 13s. 3d. was paid to the elder Ireland.
The flood of ridicule rose to its full height immediately after this exposure, and both the Ireland's were overwhelmed. But the father's faith was not easily shaken. His son at once confessed to his sisters that he was the author of all the papers, but when the story was repeated by them to the elder Ire- land he declined to credit it. A committee of believers met at the house in Norfolk Street in April to investigate the history of the papers. William Henry was twice examined, and repeated his story of 'M. H.' But find- ing the situation desperate, he fully admitted the imposture at the end of April to Albany Wallis, the attorney of Norfolk Street, and on 29 May he suddenly left his father's house without communicating his intention to any of the family. Before the end of the year he gave a history of the forgeries in an ' Au- thentic Account of the Shakesperian MSS.,' avowedly written ' to remove the odium under which his father laboured.' George Steevens made the unfounded statement that this work was published, by arrangement be- tween father and son, with the sole view of ' whitewashing the senior culprit ' (NICHOLS, Lit. III. vii. 8). This opinion gained ground, and the old man's distress of mind was piti- able. He still refused to believe his son, a lad
Ireland
35
Ireland
of nineteen, capable of the literary skill need- ful to the production of the papers, or to re- gard the proof of forgery as sufficient. He published in November 1796 ' A Vindication of his Conduct,' defending himself from the charges of having wilfully deceived the pub- lic, and with the help of Thomas Caldecott attacked Malone, whom he regarded as his chief enemy, in 'An Investigation of Mr. Ma- lone's Claim to the Character of Scholar and Critic.' On 29 Oct. 1796 he was ridiculed on the stage at Covent Garden as Sir Bamber Blackletter in Reynolds's ' Fool of Fortune.' When in 1797 he published his ' Picturesque Tour on the Wye,' the chilling reception •with which it met and the pecuniary loss to which it led proved how low his reputation liad fallen. George Chalmers's learned 'Apo- logy for the Believers in the Shakesperian Papers/ with its 'Supplemental Apology' (1797), mainly attacked Malone, made little reference to the papers, and failed to re- store Ireland's credit. In 1799 he had the hardihood to publish both ' Vortigern ' and * Henry II,' the copyrights of which his son gave him before leaving home, and he made vain efforts to get the latter represented on the stage. Obloquy still pursued him, and more than once he contemplated legal pro- ceedings against his detractors. He died in July 1800, and Dr. Latham, who attended him, recorded his deathbed declaration, ' that lie was totally ignorant of the deceit, and was equally a believer in the authenticity of the manuscripts as those who were the most cre- dulous ' (Diabetes, 1810, p. 176). He was never reconciled to his son. His old books and curiosities were sold by auction in Lon- don 7-15 May 1801. The original copies of the forgeries and many rare editions of Shake- speare's works were described in the printed catalogue. His correspondence respecting the forgeries was purchased by the British Museum in 1877 (cf. Addit. MS. 30349-53). Gillray published, 1 Dec. 1797, a sketch of Ireland as ' Notorious Characters, No. I.,' with a sarcastic inscription in verse by Wil- liam Mason (cf. Gent. Mag. 1797, p. 931). Ireland was anxious to proceed against the artist for libel (Addit. MS. 30348, f. 35). Two other plates, ' The Gold Mines of Ire- land,' by John Nixon, and ' The Ghost of Shakespeare appearing to his Detractors,' by Silvester Harding, introduce portraits of Ire- land.
Meanwhile William Henry had wandered almost penniless through Wales and Glou- cestershire, visiting at Bristol, in the autumn )f 1796, the scenes connected with Chatter- on' s tragic story. His appeals to his father or money were refused. On 6 June 1796 he
had married in Clerkenwell Church Alice Grudge, and in November 1797 he wrote home that ' he had been living on his wife's cloaths, linnen, furniture, &c., for the best part of six months.' He thought of going on the stage, but his applications were treated with scorn, and he began planning more tragedies after the pattern of ' Vortigern.' In 1798 he opened a circulating library at 1 Princes Place, Ken- nington, and sold imitations in his feigned handwriting of the famous forged papers. A copy of ' Henry II' transcribed in this manner is now in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 12052). A complete set of the forgeries belonged at a later date to William Thomas Moncrieff the dramatist (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. v. 160), and was presented in 1877 to the Birmingham Shakespeare Memorial Li- brary, where it was destroyed by fire in 1879. Book-collectors, in pity of his poverty, em- ployed him to ' inlay ' illustrated books, and rumours of his dishonesty in such employ- ment were current at one time. In 1802 he had a gleam of better fortune, and was employed by Princess Elizabeth, afterwards landgravine of Hesse-Homburg [q. v.], to prepare a ' Frogmore Fete.' Finally he ob- tained fairly regular employment of varied kinds from the London publishers. He was in Paris in 1822, and thenceforth described himself on the title-pages of his books as ' member of the Athenaeum of Sciences and Arts at Paris.' His verses show some literary facility, and his political squibs some power of sarcasm. Throughout his writings he exhi- bits sufficient skill to dispose of the theory that he was incapable of forging the Shake- spearean manuscripts. That achievement he always regarded with pride, and complained until his death of the undeserved persecution which he suffered in consequence. His ' Con- fessions,' issued in 1805, expanded his 'Au- thentic Account' of 1796, and was reissued in London in 1872, and with a preface by Mr. Grant White in New York in 1874. Almost his latest publication was a reissue of ' Vorti- gern' (1832), prefaced by a plaintive rehearsal of his misfortunes. He died at Sussex Place, St. George's-in-the-Fields, on 17 April 1835, and was survived by a daughter, Mrs. A. M. de Burgh. Mr. Ingleby describes his wife as belonging to the Kentish family of Culpepper, and widow of Captain Paget, R.N. ; but this does not correspond with what we learn from the elder Ireland's papers of the lady whom young Ireland married in 1796 ; he may, how- ever, have married a second time.
A portrait of W. H. Ireland at the age of twenty-one was drawn and etched by Silvester Harding in 1798. An engraving by Mackenzie is dated 1818. A miniature of him in middle
D2
Ireland
Ireland
life, painted on ivory by Samuel Drummond, hangs in Shakespeare's birthplace at Strat- ford-on-Avon.
W. H. Ireland's chief publications in verse were 'Ballads in Imitation of the Antient,' chiefly on historical subjects, and ' Mutius Scaevola,' an historical drama in blank verse (both in 1801) ; under the pseudonym of Paul Persius, ' A Ballade wrotten on the Feastynge and Merrimentes of Easter Maunday laste paste ' (1802) ; ' Rhapsodies,' by the ' author of the Shaksperian MSS.' (1803) ; ' The Angler, a didactic poem by Charles Clifford,' 1804, 12mo ; ' All the Blocks, or an Antidote to All the Talents,' by Flagellum, and ' Stul- tifera Navis, or the Modern Ship of Fools,' anon., both in 1807 ; ' The Fisher Boy ' and ' The Sailor Boy,' narrative-poems, after the manner of Bloom field, both issued under the pseudonym of ' H. C., Esq.,' 1809 (2nd edit, of the latter, 1822); ' Neglected Genius, a poem illustrating the untimely and un- fortunate fate of many British Poets,' 1812, chiefly treating of Chatterton,with imitations of the Rowley MSS. and of Butler's ' Hudi- bras ; ' ' Jack Junk, or the Sailor's Cruise on Shore,' by the author of ' Sailor Boy,' 1814 ; ' Chalcographiminia, or the Portrait-Collector and Printseller's Chronicle,' by Satiricus Scriptor, 1814, in which he is said to have been assisted by Caulfield, and ' Scribbleomania, or the Printer's Devil's Polichronicon,' edited by ' Anser Pen-drag-on, Esq.,' 1815, 8vo.
His novels and romances included ' The Abbess ; ' 'The Woman of Feeling,' 1803, 4 vols. 12mo ; ' Gondez the Monk, a Romance of the Thirteenth Century,' 4 vols. 1805 ; and 'The Catholic, or Acts and Deeds of the Popish Church,' 1826. ' Les Brigands de 1'Estramadure,' published at Paris in 1823 (2 vols.), was described as translated from the English of W. H. Ireland. ' Rizzio, or Scenes in Europe during the Sixteenth Cen- tury,' was edited from Ireland's manuscript by G. P. R. James in 1849.
Other of his works were : ' The Maid of Orleans,' a translation of Voltaire's ' Pucelle,' 1822 ; ' France for the last Seven Tears,' an attack on the Bourbons, 1822 ; ' Henry Fielding's Proverbs,' 1822 (?) ; ' Memoir of a Young Greek Lady (Pauline Panam),' an attack on the Prince of Saxe-Coburg, 1823 ; 'Memoir of the Duke of Rovigo,' 1823; 'Memoirs of Henry the Great and of the Court of France,' 1824; 'The Universal Chronologist from the Creation to 1825,' under the pseudonym of Henry Boyle, Lon- don, 1826; ' Shaksperiana : Catalogue of all the Books, Pamphlets, &c., relating to Shakespeare' (anon.), 1827; 'History of Kent,' 4 vols. 1828-34; 'Life of Napoleon
Bonaparte,' 4 vols. 1828 ; ' Louis Napoleon's Answer to Sir Walter Scott's " Life of Na- poleon,"' a translation, 1829; 'Authentic Documents relating to the Duke of Reich- stadt,' 1832. In 1830 he produced a series of political squibs: 'The Political Devil/ 'Reform,' 'Britannia's Cat o' Nine Tails,' and ' Constitutional Parodies.'
[Gent. Mag. 1800, pt. ii. pp. 901, 1000; Fra- ser's Mag. August 1860 (art. by T. J. Arnold) ; London Review, October 1860 ; Ingleby's Shake- speare, The Man and the Book, pt. ii. pp. 144 sq. ; Prior's Life of Malone, pp. 222-7 ; W. H. Ireland's Authentic Account (1796), Confessions (1805), and Preface to Vortigern (1832); Ge- nest's Account of the Stage, vii. 245 sq. For an account of contemporary pamphlets on the manu- scripts controversy see R. W. Lowe's Bibliogra- phical Account of Theatrical Literature. The story of the forgery is the subject of Mr. James- Payn's novel, The Talk of the Town (1885). Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. 30349-53 contain the elder Ireland's correspondence respecting the forgeries and a number of cuttings from contemporaneous newspapers. In the British Museum are also many specimens of the younger Ireland's forged documents and of his inscriptions on old books.]
S. L.
IRELAND, alias IRONMOXGEK, WIL- LIAM (1636-1679), Jesuit, born in 1636, was eldest son of William Ireland of CroftonHallr Yorkshire, by Barbara, daughter of Ralph (afterwards Lord) Eure of Washingborough,. Lincolnshire. He was sent at an early age to the English College at St. Omer, was ad- mitted into the Society of Jesus 7 Sept. 1655, and made a professed father in 1673. After being for some years confessor to the Poor Clares at Gravelines, he was in 1677 sent to- the English mission, and shortly afterwards became procurator of the province in London. On the night of 28 Sept. 1678 he was arrested by a body of constables, headed by Titus Gates in person, and carried before the privy council, together with Thomas Jenison, John Grove [q. v.], Thomas Pickering, and John Fenwick [q. v.] After examination by the privy council the prisoners were committed to Newgate, where Ireland appears to have undergone ex- ceptionally severe treatment. He was tried at the Old Bailey sessions on 17 Dec. following, the charge against him being that, in addition to promoting the general plot, he had been present at a meeting held in William Har- court's rooms on 19 Aug. 1678, when a plan for assassinating the king was discussed, and it was finally decided to ' snap him in his morning's walk at Newmarket.' Ireland at- tempted to prove an alibi, and in a journal written afterwards in Newgate he accounted for his absence from London on every day between 3 Aug. and 14 Sept. The trial oc-
Ireton
37
Ireton
eurred, however, at the moment when the excitement concerning the plot was at its climax. Edward Coleman [q. v.], the first victim, had been executed barely a fortnight, Gates was at the summit of his popularity, «.nd the death of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey
£}. v.] was still fresh in people's memory. The ard swearing of Gates and Bedloe, together with the evidence of a woman called Sarah Pain, who swore to having seen Ireland on 20 Aug. at a scrivener's in Fetter Lane, over- came any-scruples on the part of the jury. Chief-justice Scroggs summed up against the prisoner, who in vain pleaded his relationship to the Pendrells of Boscobel, and the death of his uncle, Francis Ireland, in the king's ser- vice. Ireland was executed together with John Grove on 3 Feb. 1679, the event being at- tended (it was alleged by the victim's friends) by a number of miraculous circumstances, which are detailed in Tanner's ' Brevis Rela- tio Felicis Agonis,' Prague, 1683, and in Foley's 'Jesuits,' v. 233 seq. Portraits of Ireland are given in both these works. A deposition, ' plainly proving ' that Ireland's plea of an alibi was false, was subsequently published by Robert Jenison (1649-1688) [q. v.], and further charges were brought against Ireland in John Smith's ' Narrative containing a further Discovery of the Popish Plot,' 1679, fol., p. 32. The supposed plot of Ireland was also the occasion of another very curious pamphlet entitled ' The Cabal of several notorious Priests and Jesuits dis- covered as William Ireland . . . Shewing their endeavours to subvert the Government and Protestant Religion ... by a Lover of his King and Country who was formerly an Eye- witness of those things ' (London), 1679, fol. [Cobbett's State Trials, vii. 570 sq. ; The His- tory of the Plot, or a Brief and Historical Account of the Charge and Defence of William Ireland, •&c., London, 1679, fol. ; Challoner's Memoirs of Missionary Priests, 1748, ii. 208, 376; Burnet's Own Time.ii. 178; Gillow's Diet, of Engl. Cath. iii. 552; Lingard's Hist. ix. 191.] T. S.
JKIRETON, HENRY (1611-1651), regi- ''cide, baptised 3 Nov. 1611, was the eldest son of German Ireton of Attenborough, near Nottingham. His father, who settled at eAttenborough about 1605, was the younger brother of William Ireton of Little Ireton in Derbyshire (CORNELIUS BKOWN, Worthies of Nottinghamshire, p. 182). Henry became in 1626 a gentleman-commoner of Trinity College, Oxford, and took the degree of B.A. in 1629. According to Wood, ' he had the character in that house of a stubborn and saucy fellow towards the seniors, and there- fore his company was not at all wanting' (Athena O.wn. ed. Bliss, iii. 298). In 1629
he entered the Middle Temple (24 Nov.), but was never called to the bar ( The Trial of Charles I, with Biographies of Bradshaw, Ireton, fyc., in Murray's Family Library, 1832, xxxi. 130).
At the outbreak of the civil war Ireton was living on his estate in Nottinghamshire, ' and having had an education in the strictest way of godliness, and being a man of good learn- ing, great understanding, and other abilities, he was the chief promoter of the parliament's interest in the county ' (HtrTCHirrsoN, Me- moirs of Col. Hutchinson, ed. 1885, i. 168). On 30 June 1642 the House of Commons nomi- nated Ireton captain of the troop of horse to be raised by the town of Nottingham (Commons' Journals, ii. 664). With this troop he joined the army of the Earl of Essex and fought at Edgehill, but returned to his native county Avith it at the end of 1642, and became major in Colonel Thornhagh's regiment of horse (HUTCHINSON, i. 169, 199). In July 1643 the Nottinghamshire horse took part in the vic- tory at Gainsborough (28 July), and shortly afterwards Ireton ' quite left Colonel Thorn- hagh's regiment, and began an inseparable league with Colonel Cromwell' (ib. pp. 232, 234 ). He was appointed by Cromwel 1 deputy governor of the Isle of Ely, began to fortify the isle, and was allowed such freedom to the sectaries that presbyterians complained it was become 'a mere Amsterdam' (Man- chester's Quarrel with Cromwell, Camden Soc., 1875, pp. 39, 73). He served in Man- chester's army during 1644, with the rank of quartermaster-general, and took part in the Yorkshire campaign and the second battle of Newbury. Although Ireton, in writing to Manchester, represented the distressed con- dition of the horse for want of money (Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. pt. ii. p. 61), he was anxious that Manchester should march west to join Waller, and after the miscarriages at Newbury supported Cromwell's accusation of Manchester by a most damaging deposi- tion ( Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1644-5, p. 158).
Ireton does nyt appear in the earliest list of the officers of the new model, but directly the campaign began he obtained the com- mand of the regiment of horse to which Sir Michael Livesey had been at first appointed (Lords' Journals, viii. 278 ; SPEIGGE, Anglia JRediviva, ed. 1854, p. 331). The night before the battle of Naseby he surprised the royal- ists' quarters, ' which they had newly taken up in Naseby town,' took many prisoners, and alarmed their whole army. Next day Fairfax, at Cromwell's request, appointed Ireton commissary-general of the horse and gave him the command of the cavalry of the left wing. The wing under his command
Ireton 3
was worsted by Rupert's cavaliers and par- tially broken. Ireton, seeing some of the parliamentary infantry hard pressed by a brigade of the king's foot, ' commanded the division that was with him to charge that body of foot, and for their better encourage- ment he himself with great resolution fell in amongst the musketeers, where his horse being shot under him, and himself run through the thigh with a pike and into the face with an halbert, was taken prisoner "by the enemy.' When the fortune of the day turned Ireton promised his keeper liberty if he would carry him back to his own party, and thus suc- ceeded in escaping (ib. pp. 36, 39, 42). He re- covered from his wounds sufficiently quickly to be with the army at the siege of Bristol in September 1645 (ib. pp. 99, 106-18). The letter of summons in which Fairfax endea- voured to persuade Rupert to surrender that city was probably Ireton's -work.
Ireton was one of the negotiators of the treaty of Truro (14 March 1646), and was afterwards despatched with severalregiments of horse to block up Oxford, and prevent it from being provisioned (ib. pp. 229, 243). The^king tried to open negotiations with him, and sent a message offering to come to Fair- fax, and live wherever parliament should direct, ' if only he might be assured to live and continue king.' Ireton refused to discuss the king's offers, but wrote to Cromwell beg- ging him to communicate the king's message to parliament. Cromwell blamed him for doing even that, on the ground that soldiers ought not to touch political questions at all (CART, Memorials of the Civil War, i. 1 : GARDINER, Great Civil War, ii. 470). Ireton took part in the negotiations which led to the capitulation of Oxford, and married Bridget, Cromwell's daughter, on 15 June 1646, a few days before its actual surrender. The cere- mony took place in Lady Whorwood's house at Holton, near Oxford, and was performed by William Dell [q. v.], one of the chaplains attached to the army (CARLTLE, Cromwell, i. 218, ed. 1871).
Though the marriage wasthe result of the friendship between Cromwell and Ireton, rather than its cause, it brought the two men closer together. The union and the confidence which existed between them was during the next four years a factor of great importance in English politics. Each exercised much influence over the other. 'No man,' says Whitelocke, ' could prevail so much, nor order Cromwell so far, as Ireton could ' (Memorials, f. 516). Ireton had a large knowledge of poli- tical theory and more definite political views than Cromwell, and could present his views logically and forcibly either in speech or
* Ireton
writing. On the other hand, Cromwell's wider sympathies and willingness to accept compromises often controlled and moderated Ireton's conduct.
On 30 Oct. 1645 Ireton was returned to parliament as member for Appleby ; but there is no record of his public action in parlia- ment until the dispute between the army and the parliament began (Names of Mem- bers returned to serve in Parliament, i. 495). His justification of the petition of the army, which the House of Commons on 29 March 1647 declared seditious, involved him in a personal quarrel with Holies, who openly derided his arguments. A challenge was ex- changed between them, and the two went out of the house intending to fight, but were stopped by other members, and ordered by the house to proceed no further. On this basis Clarendon builds an absurd story that Ireton provoked Holies, refused to fight, and submitted to have his nose pulled by his cho- leric opponent ( Clarendon MSS. 2478, 2495 ; Rebellion, x. 104; LTJDLOW, ed. 1751, p. 94; Commons' Journals, 2 April 1647). Thomas Shepherd of Ireton's regiment was one of the three troopers who presented the appeal of the soldiers to their generals, which Skippon on 30 April brought to the notice of the House of Commons. In consequence Ireton, Cromwell, Skippon, and Fleetwood, being- all four members of parliament, as well as officers of the army, were despatched by the house to Saffron Walden ' to employ their endeavours to quiet all distempers in the army.' The commissioners drew up a report on the grievances of the soldiers, which Fleet- wood and Cromwell were charged to present, while Skippon and Ireton remained at head- quarters to maintain order. Ireton foresaw a storm unless parliament was more mode- rate, and had little hope of success. In private and in public he had at first dis- couraged the soldiers from petitioning or taking action to secure redress, but when an open breach occurred he took part with the army (Clarke Papers, i. 94, 102; GARY, Me- morials of the Civil War, i. 205, 207, 214). When Fairfax demanded by whose orders Joyce had removed the king from Holdenbyr Ireton owned that he had given orders for securing the king there, though not for taking- him thence (Huntingdon's reasons for laying- down his commission, MASERES, Tracts, i. 398). From that period his prominence in setting forth the desires of the army and de- fending its conduct was very marked. ' Colonel Ireton,' says Whitelocke, 'was chiefly em- ployed or took upon him the business of the pen, . . . and was therein encouraged and assisted by Lieutenant-general Cromwell,
Ireton
39
Ireton
his father-in-law, and by Colonel Lambert ' (Memorials, f. 254).
The form, if not the idea, of the ' engage- ment' of the army (5 June) was probably due to Ireton, and the remonstrance of 14 June was also his work (RTJSHWOETH, vi. 512, 564). lie took part in the treaty between the com- missioners of the army and the parliament, and when the former decided to draw up a general summary of their demands for the settlement of the kingdom, the task was entrusted to Ireton and another (Clarke Papers, i. 148, 211). The result was the manifesto known as ' The Heads of the Army Proposals.' By it Ireton hoped to show the nation what the army would do with power if they had it, and he was anxious that no fresh quarrel with parliament should take place until the manifesto had been published to the world. He hoped also to lay the foundation of an agreement between king and parliament, and to establish the liberties of the people on a permanent basis (ib. pp. 179, 197). But, excellent though this scheme of settlement was, it was too far in advance of the political ideas of the moment to be ac- cepted either by king or parliament. Ireton was represented as saying that what was offered in the proposals was so just and rea- sonable that if there were but six men in the kingdom to fight to make them good, he would make the seventh (' Hunting- don's Reasons,' MASEEES, i. 401). In his anxiety to obtain the king's assent he modi- fied the proposals in several important points, and consequently imperilled his popularity with the soldiers. "When the king rejected the terms offered him by parliament, Ireton vehemently urged a new treaty, and told the house that if they ceased their addresses to the king he could not promise them the support of the army (22 Sept. 1647). Pam- phlets accused him of juggling and under- hand dealing, of betraying the army and deluding honest Cromwell to serve his own ambition, and of bargaining for the govern- ment of Ireland as the price of the king's restoration (Clarke Papers, i. Preface, xl- xlvi ; A Declaration of some Proceedings of Lieutenant-colonel John Lilburn, 1648, p. 15). In the debates of the council of the army during October and November 1649, Sexby and Wildman attacked him with the greatest bitterness. Ireton passionately disavowed all private engagements, and asserted that if he had used the name of the army to support a further application to the king, it was because he sincerely believed himself to be acting in accordance with the army's views. He had no desire, he said, to set up the king or parliament, but wished to make the best
use possible of both for the interest of the kingdom ( Clarke Papers, i. 233). In resisting a rupture with the king he urged the army, for the sake of its own reputation, to fulfil the promises publicly made in its earlier declara- tions (ib. p. 294). With equal vigour he op- posed the new constitution which the level- lers brought forward, under the title of ' The Agreement of the People,' and denounced the demand for universal suffrage as destruc- tive to property and fatal to liberty, although for a limitation of the duration and powers of parliament and a redistribution of seats he was willing to fight if necessary (ib. p. 299). He wished to limit the veto of the king and the House of Lords, but objected to the proposal to deprive them altogether of any share in legislation.
Burnet represents Ireton as sticking at nothing in order to turn England into a com- monwealth ; but in the council of the army he was in reality the spokesman of the conser- vative party among the officers, anxious to maintain as much of the existing constitu- tion as possible. The constitution was always in his mouth, and he detested and dreaded nothing so much as the abstract theories of natural right on which the levellers based their demands (ib. Preface, pp. Ixvii-lxxi ; BTTENET, Own Time, ed. 1833, i. 85).
On 5 Nov. the council of the army sent a letter to the speaker, disavowing any desire that parliament should make a fresh applica- tion to the king, and Ireton at once withdrew from their meetings, protesting that unless they recalled their vote he would come there no more (Clarke Papers, -p. 441). But the flight of the king to the Isle of Wight (11 Nov.) led to an entire change in his attitude. The story of the letter from Charles to the queen, which Cromwell and Ireton intercepted, is scarcely needed to account for this change. Without it Ireton perceived the impossibility of the treaty with Charles, on which he had hoped to rest the settlement of the king- dom (BiKCH, Letters between Colonel Robert Hammond, General .Fai'r/a.r,&c.,1764, p. 19). He held that the army's engagements to the king were ended, and when Berkeley brought the king's proposals for a personal treaty to the army, received him with coldness and disdain, instead of his former cordiality (29 Nov. 1647 ; BERKELEY, Memoirs ; MA- SEEES, i. 384). Huntingdon describes him as saying, when the probability of an agreement between king and parliament was spoken of, ' that he hoped it would be such a peace as we might with a good conscience fight against them both ' (ib. i. 404). When Charles refused the ' Four Bills,' Ireton urged par- liament to settle the kingdom without him
Ireton
Ireton
(WALKER, History of Independency, i. 71, ed. 1601). As yet