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ADVERTISEMENT

The work of the Bureau of American Ethnology is conducted under act of Con- gress ‘‘for continuing ethnologic researches among the American Indians under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution.”

Two series of publications have been issued by the Bureau under authority of Con- gress, Viz, annual reports and bulletins. The annual reports were hitherto author- ized by concurrent resolution from time to time, and were published for the use of Congress and the Bureau. The present report is published hy authority of section 73 of the act of Congress approved January 12, 1895, entitled ‘‘An act providing for the public printing and binding and the distribution of public documents.” The publi- cation of the series of bulletins was authorized by concurrent resolution first in 1886, and more definitely in 1888, and twenty-four numbers of this series have been issued for the use of Congress and the Bureau. In addition, the Bureau has supervised the publication of a series of quarto volumes bearing the title, ‘Contributions to North American Ethnology,” begun in 1877 by the United States Geographical Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. This series comprises Volumes I to VII and IX.

The above publications are distributed primarily by Congress, and the portions of the editions printed for the Bureau are used for exchange with libraries and scien- tific and educational institutions and with special investigators in anthropology who send their own publications regularly to the Bureau.

The exchange list of the Bureau is large, and the product of the exchange forms a valuable ethnologic library independent of the general library of the Smithsonian Institution, This library is in constant use by the Bureau collaborators, as well as by other anthropologists resident in or visiting Washington.

Most of the volumes of the annual reports and all of the volumes of the ‘“ Contri- butions to North American Ethnology” are out of print.

Exchanges and other contributions to the Bureau should be addressed,

Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C., U.S. A.

i

ae

+

'

.

a

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

hoo = OE

ALE ARs JEOy en sh Dew

DIRECTOR

ASSN i) TT K\\D* /

Oo

2) AP yy,

e ~ warrong, WW

WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1897

i* a + kr , ) i f F 7 } i , : ; i] ' , - ‘ na i ’ « BS iB f é ~ \ + ; ‘

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

SMITHSONIAN InstITUTION, BuREAU oF ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., July 1, 1894.

Str: I have the honor to submit my fifteenth annual report as Director of the Bureau of Ethnology.

The first part consists of an explanation of the plan of the Bureau and its operations during the fiscal year 1893-94; the second part comprises a series of special papers setting forth certain results of the work of the Bureau relating to arche- ology and the social organization of the American Indians.

I desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise counsel relating to the work under my charge.

I am, with respect, your obedient servant,

Director. Honorable S. P. Laneuey,

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. IIt

2 y 4 i i ‘ * 2 . S ‘ es d P i , 4 wy -

A ; :

= A { + : . -

CONTENTS

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

Page 1h CCINOHOM ac eco pkesed taecec naob adeess Haoons cone SasoEsEs bose pepeee sede XVII MOMMY TENCE), soe cee coe saeebac ee soebsHe gegose ode SaeE eee saenebe Se cene XX Operations during Wi ulye ase te eer sa ewe alec ee se ese eee seca sa = XX Operations unin ONO CUS be eee ame aaa een ee = ane eae sees aa XXIV Operations urine 56 p LOM De lees aa ne see ee eel eee ere XXVII (OperAiOns Gites OO OWES o-Ssco cosas cosede SSanes sece sacocspeSDEees XXXII Operations a urin oy NOOMD Oleee sate alseaa as aee mace = Sama ener een aa XXXVI Operations durine December cess = -aiaae= = see see a ae ee XLII OPOLA EONS TT Oy) aN eee ee alae aah ale ie ae eel oe XLVI OperabionsiGurin ee DTU Any; eas 22 ee eaten sete ae = ncaa L Operationsiduring, Marches 2.2. sae2 sore - cos 2-2 eects ecsececee sss LIV Oncmminona dining JAA, a s<c5 pocec none Beanonsen codons sand cemeceoaas LVIII Operatlons c Uim Oy Ma yor meee er el eel aie ian nano clans malar LXII Openings Ghosts Nb. a= oSaecock oSa5 Shep CSehoauous Hoses osaEsenoce LXV Sim RETO Nhs ca sAas hess og RaSo SEES RO SenS Heso05 BESS Hp enae seebes cseceare LXIX @lagsiticationvotuthe) wot keeee. ae semen eee = a eee ee eee yaae= LXIX Explorabiony <-- 2s -ce tees eens sss. sense cee nese asec eeiseeeet = -eecsece LEO. NRO NGIOEN, S sacabobocoReso anos pbes aS60 aS ao abo p aepeeopuveaseecamsaase LXXIII MeScriptive Gunn ol OM yseeeen eee eee sae eee ine eee eee aaa ae LXXIX SOGGY -cbassetecbs eeu dcoos pebbe Sas Saor Sasa seep oadeocEesepS SeOC LXXX Pictopraphy-andisiomMlanomaces se. e522 a. sos] ea ees saeee LXXXI MIN PuIsticsss -ssc=o 22s es seseee soe oe oo ee sane sss. see eehibeasieeas- LXXXII IMvjtholo Siysesece cos cosas ce Seana ee aah ante aa esane See Sere a LXXXV IRS y CHOlO Pyge eras ioe enna, Nee sie sees oe e ree ated oa aan a ears ose eae LXXXVII Bibliography? =.s2j2< see senses see Soc een se soso same ee Ane LXXXVIL TET ONCE OO) aos coca aE SO BESS SENS Gees nor Sn H ees aan rane s Aareeerset LXXXVIII Miscellaneouseessee ses ce ea eee eee econ ae sere scece XCI Hinanciali statement sscer sees sass saa eens eae ees aoe en ene al XCIl Characterization of accompanying papers -..---.------.-----.-=--------- XCIIL IDS SHU DATO TA. CME Shell oy Cis sk cong cons ose Sse Sos sea ates cosdsoceeaseue XCIII Stone implements of the Potomac-Chesapeake tidewater province ---. XClV MherSiouan Indians —.. 22-2. seeps< s/n scess se eeciise so eess Soe e ee XCVIL Si@ienm Soen@loya7 seas caosen cee seSoassso secs > Gs00 seen ses ssasas epee XCIX ORAM Ein KOTO IME sae aaac cosnco peloee Sons Sas Sone Sano eses Seco esBEeoee c iomepalwors Gasca Grand eyruines sa -mlesee sels ies eae a= cul Olin Reina NIRINON . <52 560 agconesopene Aron a5ostoc0 poe Gor soosce Bese Sena ceae CIV

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS

STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE POTOMAC-CHESAPEAKE TIDEWATER PROVINCE, BY WILLIAM HENRY HOLMES

IPREMIGINY MOOS < se sed eodnbocos. uABAGaeHe RSs a AONE R bess Snaeaocacoss soosem Eonar 13 Clievaiign T= liiniiGhine Wis) cteacneces sess Codes See bn asses peeees coeece eseSeeEc 19 shemiel dkotumv.estigatlon as eas ese se ete ea ea at iala = = == 19 Ta coh ReneS BENG oS Se Se encone sosee de ececs SaSeed Bese HeSeeoeso> 20

VI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Chapter I—Introductory—Continued. Page Characteriof thestoneimpiements 2. = = ate le = ee eee eee 21 Materials(and their/distribution= --=225-—- = -- = ee ee a eee 21 QW EMA bN® pace sacsos asos Socnse cseecbeS to roes sar eses sass osse sos ese 23 WPA REO WN) 65 Semen snot ono oeD SSHoeeeSed oaub Su sons cots Soke Stoo oeeSee 24 Livan USVEREES) ese o8 toes Sade sano caso cee Sobre Seass eso sso see 24 Slapin Pup LOC CSS OS ere emt eet ee ee eee 25 Chapter II—Manufacture of flaked stone implements -----.--..---.---.------ 29 Thinmafeho te geyay hie irs WG aes oo ae oos Hoss SSeS See a eSSsee Sees eseses sas sS: 29 Quarry-workshops of the District of Columbia ...-..........-..-.-..---- 30 History ofsthe researc hiee seeteere see ees eee see eee 30 Geologyrofathellocalityee sce eeee eee == eee eee ee 31 Letbihys [PVM EC LEY AY Cisne o moooon sess oasetone Sods esse edee HSS seeseesonee 33 Location of the quarries ses-.sssse en ete eanee te nee ee eee 33 Operations son (te (Sit Cease ene eee ee ate eee 35 Discovery: and Teconnolssance=s-- === jae ae eee ase eee ee 35 The first tren chixs- 3-2 ac) = ns ones sees ee eee eee eee 36 Theitree pits. 25-2 oe~ eae se eee eee oe eee 44 The.second trench: 52 -.2- --je-moee ee ee ee eeaee eee ee 45 Theitihird trench) 2 -ees eases see ae see eee eee ere eee 45, he fourthrand fitth trent hes eee 49 The sixth trench) 222. saicceee ee eee ese eee eee ee ee ae eee 50 Other Piny branchi sites: eae ae see eee eee 51 Biny, branch) sh0 pS eee aees= a= eae ee eee eee 52 General features, -- =o eer eee eee Shao ase =H Se Shes ceaae 52 Special features eam rce omens ee ee ates ee ee aes 53 The quarry-shop product. - =< <= oo pee = ee ae see eee ee 53 Toolsused'in flakin gee 2 2.2 epee a-eeyeee eee eee eee ee eee 58 Processesiof manufacture 22 .(c 2 22s ais soe ee eee eee eee 58 Destiny ofitheiquarty bladesa---as- see = seaee eee eee eee eee 62 The Dumbarton heights quarry-shops-..-..--.-.---.---.---.---.-------- 62 POCRtHUON oo mnie os tri ne Olsens Sales ae ae ee ree 62 Geology of the (site cae ee meee ee eee 63 Distributionio faquaxnya pits see ase eee eee eee ete 64 AUS NO MTP 5 3555 oaoS cone cos SooS espe cso ber She eer AGaS rence eEdae 64 Other Rock icreekisites::5-2-- tos s2,c2so 5 =e see sania nie ee eee re eee eee 66 Shop sites of the middle Potomac valley - .---...--.-.---...-.-..----.---- 66 Falls;sectioniof the: Potomac) ---2-sass.e-- 62a eee eee eee eee 66 Anacostia valley )3-.- 2.22 s- sersse a-.e nis ee eee eee eee 69 The tidewater Potomac. -.. 2... 22 sa sean eee ee ee eee eee 71 Sites in: James Tivervalley: <-- ~~. .- a. = = a5 see ee eee eee 72 Quarries‘of thevhighland .--_.\-=.- 5-2-2 --2ssecceqaseece eee eee eee eee 72 Materials: quarried). --2--.-s25..02csesososes samen eee aoe eee Pee ee 72 ocation;and) producto o- --coc ces s-- eh a<-fea ee eee eee 73 Rhy oliteiquarries: 2... oo-- see se ane = eee ee eee ee eee 73 lint quarries: 2. 2¢<--~s2s-e- Sscc 52-45-56 eae Bee nee eee 77 Jaspersand-arcillite quarries <25--- =-----2- eee =e eee eee 7 Cacheste ncn cet cerca se eecre aaa san eae eee ee a ee 78 Chapter Li[—Blaked’ stone implements \------->----.- - 22 =o eno eee eee eee 80 Goneralifeaturess=- on ose onan a= aloo eee eae ee ne ee ee ee 86 implementsiof leat-blade eenesisia-—-aaes— === ele |e eee eee 82 Mypical characters). ccre- cess sere aoc ewe ate ee Oe eee ee 82 Blades—blanks, cutting implements ...-..........----.-----.-------- 84 Specialized blades—projectile points, etc ..........-----.------.----- 84 Narrow-shafted blades—perforators or drills-....-.-...---.---.-----. 85

Specialized blades, etc—scrapera)---- -- 2-22 - o 2 ns eee eee 85

Relation of clay and steatite pottery Various articles of steatite Chapter VI—Distribution of stone implements ---............-..--..-------- The area investigated Distribution of materials

CONTENTS

Chapter III—Flaked stone implements—Continned.

Leaf-blade implements grouped by material -.......-..-..-----..-------- @uartzitenmplements esas ease cence ee eine ee elem inane ns ciciela) sintalal<te = AimnenN iy IN GOES oS ca ccesoe oeeescasaoss deonee code Saeber sess beesee Ing @lbie) they GN Shae Sooo oobese Soneee a coco sodeee SeeeoeEpebe Hiimtandyjasperpmplements! seca a-mer= -seseasa seem aoe seen oe Nera tbh) shiny) Gyms. - 56 S29 coon se bo eab a eceeueSo Sse sae eae sane

Rnigenialxedennp] ementseeee ee etre seeae ee aiaem neater eee erere elas a

Chapter IV—Battered and abraded stone implements ---------.---- .---------

General processes of manufacture -........-.....---.--------------------

Sas ONES oc oo eee Coos noboon cone Ssebodee Sono Jose Bee saa oepess asesee CHEERS OF diya Day 3 86608 eeoeoss aap ches a seo e sop seeea5 Soro eases Warherial sius@dlesmat ser anicissero accom. ao secieinee cee see ciie siete ser isieless cis Dre ESOF TAS wid HOM ees Goose sseeon esocbescecces ade eco Dsee NETTIE OEMS TINO) Vl aossechon cen cone case Hone Sasa asec cess song csseoe

Comparison of celt making with blade making. ......-....-..------------

MIscellANGoUs! pec Keds p LOM OT US ete etal telete lade rete a aetealale = eee

Chapter V—Incised or cut stone utensils. ...._..---...--.---.---=------------

SOMA OH TING WOK <2 6s sosco sssogn dene sone Soest 654 S555 osaSheoses<oeese

TERETE EG LE MENS) comaae son bese a HocraAsoAe6es Podees GSSSen Seen aeee

MWseofpmicayj aces cseacee ee ee see as aol seme eae eins ee ssec eee Ae ainiemaciccs

Steatitelutenssiccn-cccmes cee sieee sence saben c teem secnisjoce se eee cites cce Character, use, and distribution of the material -..-........---.----- Surfaceindicationsvof quarrying <--2.s--.-2e=-22. 22 = eo === aon Specialunvestl OC atiOnsaseen ses a eeatae aaa aaa eens wee ee pinla ei ne or

Harlyiknowledgevot steatiteens-enccsesseee seer melecises <a Development of the quarrying industry ....-.-...---.-.-.------- Mining/and/shaping operations..-.-------2------ --22=------=<--- Qramnynprodu Chea etaa ss ese ee seal oe ae erin =e ae salen = Implements used in quarrying and cutting ......---..----.-----.---- (Gharacterofethetoolssseereeee enero erence n eer ease eae IMamrverio fai sim outhe) tO OLS tema eee ete a relate ae

Steatitenquarries:)..2as2:eeese ss anacias cco ayaals = ciowroie Sac seiscres aes es Phe Clifton quarry - acts ois ose seivece saci c sles sitclere wielcicice Mhe\Connecticutavenue\qualriessesseo-- eee eee secs eee ee a=

Miberaturemens mec cee scoe ee nee Hoe Me eee eee Me eecienieiiscecss Sitevand surfacelindications. ------2s-22s6-2s-s52 === 2122-2 s=-2-- === Hxcavanlons:mad Cieeeaectece eee eee eres asececeeceninetere Moolsnecovered esas cee =~ sas Hea sees eee ae ey maleate yee see Correlation with bowlder quarries ......--......---------------- TheShoemaker quarty2223s- 202 oS ssccc-c2 25sec h csceccseescscecnccce MhepWittlestalll sis ites\qe asec serene eee ores ies se tereetrere se

Mhe bryant) qualry;. =a. << sse. cessor. ce et eee aee ete ec sone see 2 see eee Quarries of the Patuxent valley @uarries\near'Olneyy ss... os-s ose n es sere eee aos eo eeae Ge acieenis se Halls'Churchiand Holmes:run quarries)s--- 522-2222 42.222 se -ee2 eaca== AmelrarcounttyQUaTTles jeer sa eens aes see ae ceniese eases seca se ete seis Madisonicounty, quarries... = ose. snes cece sees seas see tascacee ees Culpepercountygquartlesiesscesee anor emee ee eee eee ee nee eee eee Brunswick county quarries

Geologic distribution of stone Geology and art

VIII

REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Chapter VI—Distribution of stone implements—Continued.

Comparative distribution of implements ..-.---..------.-----------.---- MiIstrib WLIO PD ysClasses ssa = eae mls a a ye ee ee Distribution bysparticularjsites)- pe. sees = ee eee. =H RE Rene ee Distribution by, genesis and function. ----2 22 s.2 2o.= wos os eee a

I RGSS a pon apse sno cee as CspdcecaS ean ueenoaGwaSre cabustaososececteces sescstc Supplementany; MOLOS sees alate aia

THE SIOUAN INDIANS: A PRELIMINARY SKETCH, BY W J MCGEE

The Siouan

BbOCK 2.2. <22s seus s5a,e05i2 Sasisctesio oe nele marys oe tease teen nee seem

I SHNIUGION 2 se cel - siete sieht os So eea eae a ete ee tet ae ee sae ena tet eee Extentiof ithe stock. ss-soacscema eee eee eee teesose eeee eee Tribal nomenclature. os.- cece renee eee oe eee ners eee eee Princ palicharachers reais sa aes eee eee ae eee

Habitat

Bhonetichan dv pra phe abs eee eee ee) eee ee eet Industrialiandsestheticanisa--eemea eee e eee eee eee eee eee IOrTHARNONO) Se caso cosmo a Sees bees srocas coSSed eseees Sasa aoe IME 5 soo oeeeon soca neSbos caters soso coscasaceses sesesssecesese

Thedevelopment) of mythology assesses eee ee eae

‘Dhe'Siouan™m yuholopyeeeee = serena See eee ee eee Shonen ia) loytA 755 cescce Scan Soe CoSeas Sens const oobOsoSS Shed SHdindS =

Oe IVAN) ooo 55c5es sess cose osc none sano boos Coss cose dee cease sscsze

History

Dakota-Asiniboin:. 25-2222 secs sess senso cenie dee aan cae eee

TIM HOS ooo cop ene sosco acer S SarSeiss ones csSe nes sees odoose mee soos AWE E88) BAe Sec eae pesos ceases ose eces5. Jenn asso poco sees secoasees WINE, Sapper poecaces cost saocea noe smacasg aesn césosa doscerckuase ste ISGGENKE) coor cmon Scr pecc sacs oncose HSop esse seco erse dy gone seadoooses

The

eastern: and southern) eroups.—-- 2. ee n-ne alee

General movements <= 2-2 =. seme sremiate oo eee eee eae eee ease Some)featuresiof Indiansociolopy esse eee ee = eee eee eee eee eee

SIOUA

N SOCIOLOGY: A POSTHUMOUS PAPER, BY JAMES OWEN DORSEY

General! features: of organizations. -s*- 3 s-4- ee en oo eee eee eee eee eee

The Dakota

tribes: 23.22 logs wae. Sa ee See oe cane oe Oe eae aes

Designation and mode: of camping =.= o-oo eee

The Mdewaka"to" wa"

The Waqpe-kute 22:2 <6. 22/5025 se eins ocislssncos cos soso eek seen eer ee eee The Waqpe-to™ wat or swWiabpebom ccs = seals ata ete eee eeeeeee The Sisito"wa» or Sisseton: === 24s ~~<2.26 se isc setinieee eee ceccieeeee elena TheWhankto twat ior Yankton: = 15 seers selec ae seine ieee ere tee nate areas Thehankto"watnayor Wanktonal. se -- --2 se ee eee eee eee eee eee The jLitotwator /Peton: =. 52 Ascsss aaesic hens sees eee Meee ee eee Tribal divisions: =222- 1 <.-.c-<.5hc soe che cea. s See eee eee eos ThreSitceatxulsieeac ccc soe. sees cheats cee oe ae nee eee eee The ltazipteo): 32 ase ses tow. c onl seeeetsecae Jose ea ee oe eee eee The Siha-sapa ior) Blackfeet’ -..0o522,.c..a=0 a5seee5 gacceeee eens Ae eee The Minikooju2s2--- 2 ssses2= shee cers ese nce coe see eee PEE Perea ee The Oohe-no"'pa for Two Kettlesi=-- as... see oe eee eee ne ee eee AUC OYRIEY EY eG paon oss 9004 sense Jooane aaaust uses cane sascecsosace- Phe Munk papa qacq) a1 cet- else wie nee eferelase etnies) eae toe ee ere Dakotarsocialiicustoms*-sc-- ose nse eee eee = aoe == eee eee The: Asiniboin:. qe. 2a sc eve wine ce owe coo Seeman SUS aE Sine Cala e see eee

CONTENTS IX

Page The) Onn Sac] sqeosaasan enone SaS5 S505 555555 sacsonanececeeaesnnens Seen aeas 226 TAR IRR os 6 ssc oce sso sap occees asSsoa tose aceds Jo oo aees See seen saseSeSea5 228 The @ wa paw OL Wap a eee = lala lem leat le a ee w= lm 229 UDG IAs) Oe UES sass ssocce os oeea ne eee Sa50 pose necces eseerseses saan esse 230 “NG ORGY) eS Seen se sneacse5 6258 Se - $e seese so6n Gene Sees a SoS os SS ae esse reo acer 23% TS), HOM Ss SeScs qossee senrias soeceisiccos cone sonead sanace Sanssdeessecers sce eseee 238 ADs) OWS ascaesasee. pueseso ooos Soop oes oes g> Soee Sees tens so Soeeens Ssseesqccee 240, FHag MOU Ket One WOW ons eno s noone coos Boesoo oe snes cee se ssenuesegseede= 240 Mhe Hotcan gars om Wane Dae Oem mien ale pare ial eee eal oe 240 The Mandan ------ Be eo Jee eiasee aa a SSeS testo? qascecise-ceeseseces: wall GN) EDGR GE aoe cooo cena ogusae ooSsee Sas Sooncomccecs cecegs creasaeces Secnecds 242 4Mave (Chita (re JNITERO Gh = 5.655066 a5 5850000 codecs ESoe Sees Sars psec asa cece sooc 243 TAD LENS sc sie See ae Sees hoop esp sbe Cooe cose Peed Been cone Seee habe hes eae aiosicis 243 sMhewbutel Oe seca cays a se cient easisees eens se eces<Aspse ceases gete eos. «© 244. THRO (CME) coos cocoon eatabaseAdse deep condne dapone Hess pes pres dates asda epuor 244 TUSAYAN KATCINAS, BY JESSE WALTER FEWKES Iba RNC Mie S-eoeoeeeeoses san os5e combos oSenes coodee beep Pecaca pee eaeio Does 251 Tabular view of the sequence of Tusayan celebrations. ....-..----.-.-------- 255 Names of months and corresponding ceremonials.....-..----- -- yao etesee te ecee 256 Means of determining the time for ceremonials 258 Olaseun cai ONwOTICOLe MONT als meer ere ee Sei enia = sient eee iene 260 Discussion of previous descriptions of Katcinas....--..---.-.-..----.-------- 264 CHA SIIRK TIONG CVO. oS Seco casase of sa Sp Ben ooBS Saas BSseee Seeees Ses55aKs 265 JOD Non) MCeNTOMS\ = Soo oseese cea oo SaEn oSerES semSeo sp SeoS seeesacSos So0> 268 SOWING. comp etosdes sogoue Hone Sooe Soeanesdeesy case ace seeecssGEcee 268 Kateimarsmetvuim. oo. ccmcm.ccececcrc sce cies cess Seeciccteessse: sooeesee 273 IRON = 5086 ce ose reacsose Boca co0e Hees codgeocL SanubecupSceED DeSean 274 IPA oN NS Se isocaenos Sone 356 Sono ebb o ecoD bo aa oo osSo deousu nes os 291 INA ROONEY) as Sarees oRgean Abas Sbob Dobe no0s eons Seep ease ae Se S56 292 IND brevis bed gna b Cin as seats o seers teeters sate aoe oa avalos aeta see aa 292 (MnO ENG oS soeacs qecene aaa nolo pause epson ssbbSos sea seeeocoeed 292 StocSlakomessssceectcass cae, 22cm 52th cee ccivae oe eee eee erases 296 Rawikkateinas seco sesces, cco cccs cece s2s ceceesceeassc= SUseee se eeceee 299 Mnakatcinaver see te een cea cice toes see ce ctenie eee sso glebiere ae 303 Comparative study of Kateina dances in Cibola and Tusayan-------.---.---- 304 THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA, BY COSMOS MINDELEFF Mt rod UC tONa2s< 4 aec1e = wis soe se cisions Seee sae cele se ees cio Sae wie eeeee coe eeeeee tess. 321 DESO MON OE WES NUN E555 ope SoSscdossoee seSs6sos050n aes ses esene csasgec 321 ConditiomomCasa Grandenn Sol ie eae eee ee eee ee eaee seem ee eee cee == 323 IPI GINS, Wore WN) SEN 655 Comoe ne -eadmosee specs Seon aeeobES pos paso seeups DaSkeS 325 TSCOM WOM Ol TING Os sonbas BA SSSoSaossR osor coh obad neo coSsedcsSs Be coSaESSS5R 326 Reserva tloncot thei an dleeeeec vee claire decieis aisle) seit sata = = sient eee cere oe 330 Specimens found in the excavations.......--.---.---------------------/------ 330 PR Dts eee cate rea tacya ree Saysistalelcisin sisinteteiSie we wine wie iee ey severing artiscne 12 He sels eee 333

I. Contract for repairing and preserving Casa Grande ruin, Arizona.... 333 Il. Plans and specifications for the preservation of the Casa Grande ruin,

Iara, We ils « seeco oe Sboae Jae eOSnsOne conn adecec cade Senbarecose ser 335 Generaliprequirements sesso sae ae eee at ee areal 335 @learinpioutjthedébris=s24- 2-2. ostelescisa= oe safes a sees =e 335 Wing Girone: Walle eee Seog ekeae soeess seeeceeses ese cuceeese 336 LOU ioe TING) Newnes io Be Re Oe Ren Be coos} aoe seeenoBeeees Boca oees 336 [BRENIG tent + cdocostede Soe cone Se SaecH astra enodac -saSEECoSeeceass 336 WARNING, «aan econ ee seas nee ose no ace tbs eeecccnene sae acseneoe 337

IROOL sas seer eee iene ne oe eeecios co aceeas se ec cece cavsisteesdeceeoees 337

x

REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Exhibits—Continued. M1: Plansiand sections: « .2.--<2 -2=se)32 Gees cc ose eee ade eee eee IVE Oath-ofi@isinterestednesss 52 .5-2c2sa-cicnesaecceine resem eee Sener eee Wi wBlds 2s. coeds cece ssc a sas cose sce eee pee aaron ce eeretoete Viz, Indorsements:~. 2.25. oe ese nace, Ses eseeceee wae See eee aes Vill Reportof/MribiiCRizere—- 2 -\-ossee. aes sees eee ee eee

Supplement

Correspondence and report relating to the condition of Casa Crande in 1895, with recommendations concerning its further protection. -...--.....--.

I.

Il.

Ill.

LiVe

VI.

Letter of Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian of Casa Grande, to the Secretary of the Interior, recommending an appropriation for further protecting the moins assesses eee eee eae

Indorsement of Mr Whittemore’s letter by the Acting Secretary of the Interior’. 2. ssc,<2 ssn eae eee oad eee pee eee ee ee eee

Letter of the Acting Director of the Bureau of American Ethnol- ogy to the Secretary of the Interior suggesting an examination of Casa Grande with a view of its further protection..........-.

Letter of the Acting Secretary of the Interior to the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology approving the suggestion that Casa Grande be visited with a view of determining the desirabil- ityof tts further protec ylOnees==—eeese es eeeetee eee eae

. Letter of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to

the Secretary of the Interior regarding the examination of Casa Grande by Mr WJ MeGeecss-5 22 oo. es eee ea seee ease cee ees Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior on the examination of the condition of Casa Grande by Mr W J McGee, with a recommendation con- cerning its further protection... --. SSosad sacCuaonNoSU oDoSee on ae

Page 337 338 338 339 340 B44

ddd

B44

344

344

347

dAT

348

ILLUSTRATIONS

FRONTISPIECE. Group in plaster illustrating quarry-shop work.---.-----------

Puate I. 10

Ill.

IV.

sovile XVII. XVIII. XIX.

XXII.

XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX.

XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXITI. XXXIV.

XXXYV.

Map of the Potomac-Chesapeake tidewater province. .-..------------ Map iomthe Piny branch) quarries... =o. =] = eaneseeeas = - a= Quarry-shop refuse exposed in the bank of the rivulet...---..---.-- View looking north up the rivulet at the foot of the quarry slope-- -

. View from the bed of the rivulet, showing exploitation pits ---.-.--- . Section of quarry exposed by the first trench ...--...-.--.--------- . Section of ancient pit filled with quarry-shop refuse from aboye-.--

. Portion of an extensive deposit of shop refuse near the quarry face-. . Section showing the irregnlar quarry face ...-..-------------------- . Roots of a chestnut tree growing in a bed of shop refuse---.-....---- 7, Section showing deposits filling the quarry exposed by the third

(RON a oon Seeass roggse dee Soe eee bs SEE Sor penoSy SSobeo cooEeererse Section showing the quarry face exposed by the fifth trench ---. ---- Quarry-shop rejects—progressive series -......--.------------------ Blade-like rejects from the quarry-shop refuse. ....-.--...---------- Rejected blades of most advanced form found in the quarry-shop

GHC s cece pane ee saabou So SsEy Snes chobos bosoanose ste ceeeao seaone

. Rejected blades of most advanced form found in the quarry-shop

TOLUBOMS See ta eign aaa was stam nic cia Pee win rcs cla steelers Sew area tee

. Broken blades representing the most highly elaborated forms made

OM YS. CER SAO NS sacs Sope AOR SpO Gao. seen Sseaue og SSussosS Fragments of blades representing the most highly elaborated forms

made in theiquarry-shopsaa.--. = sse- a eeeeaiee § ies 22 eee ee eee Relation of the flaked blade to the parent bowlder ...--.-.---------- Two specimens of flaked stone found in a single cluster--..--------- Core-like forms from which flakes have been taken....-...-.-.------ Site of the Dumbarton quarry, showing refuse-covered slopes. ----. - Potomac bowlder bed exposed in grading U street...-.-..--.--.----- Series of rejects from the South mountain rhyolite quarry -.-..----- Rhyolite cache blades from a garden on Frogmore creek, near Balti-

Rhyolite blades from various caches-.-...-...--..-------------------- Quartzite cache blades from Anacostia and Bennings sites ---.-.----- Relation of specialized leaf-blade implements to the original blade-. Scraping implements of quartz and quartzite. ........-------------- Series of flaked forms illustrating progressive steps in the manufac-

ture of projectile points from quartzite bowlders -....-...---.---- Quartzite blades of varying size and outline, mainly unspecialized,

from Potomac village-sites

or ot

ot

or or OL

oot lor or)

or ©

for) i)

XII

PLATE XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII.

XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII.

XLIV. XLV. XLVI.

XLVII. XLVIII.

XLIX. L. LI.

LII. LIII.

LIV. 1G

LVI. LVII.

LVIII. LIX. LX. LXI. LXIl. LXIIT. LXIV. LXV. LXVI.

LXVII. LXVIII. LXIX. LXX. LXXI. LXXII. LXXIII. LXXIV. LXXy. LXXVI.

LXXVII.

REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF

ETHNOLOGY

Specialized quartzite blades, probably in the main projectile points, from Potomac village-sites..........--...-.-....... Specialized quartzite blades, probably in the main arrow- points, from Potomac Village-sites _........-:-..------.-.- Series of forms illustrating progressive steps in the manufac- ture of arrowpoints from quartz pebbles.................. Quartz blades showing slight traces of specialization. ...._-- Specialized quartz blades, probably in the main arrowpoints- - Specialized quartz blades, probably in the main arrowpoints. . Quartz arrowpoints of eccentric shapes.............-..-.--- Selected forms illustrating progressive steps in shaping rhyo- lite implements: 6:\.- mis eees= seseeeri os eae soe eee Unspecialized rhyolite blades, mainly from Anacostia viJlage- GUC mane Gere eee L Oa na USHa So a6e on Sede Hoa eacesees AaEB eR SeS Specialized rhyolite blades, probably largely knives and spearpoints, mainly from Anacostia village-sites........... Specialized rhyolite blades, probably largely projectile points, mainly from Potomac village-sites....................---.- Rhyolite arrowpoints, mainly from Potomac village-sites. -... Selected forms illustrating progressive steps in the shaping of leaf-blade implements from argillite................-.-- Sharpened bowlders from Potomac village-sites............-. Sharpened and battered bowlders from Potomac shell heaps... Rude axes made by sharpening and notching quartzite bowl- ders by flaking, from Potomac village-sites..............-. Rude ax-like implements from Potomac village-sites.-....-_. Rude axes or picks made of quartzite bowlders sharpened and notched by flaking, from Potomac village-sites............. Slightly modified quartzite bowlders used as Lcanglaatant Bae Series of specimens illustrating progressive stages in the shaping of celts by fracturing, battering, and abrading---- Group of celt-axes from the Hag aia TOPO eee ee eee Series of specimens illustrating progressive stages in the shaping of thei sTooved| asc. seen ee ee ae Outlines of grooved axes illustrating range of form. ....---.. Group of grooved axes from Potomae-Chesapeake village-sites . Flaked specimens illustrating the rejectage of celt making - Flaked specimens illustrating the rejectage of celt making - Specimens illustrating advanced step in celt making...---.-. Specimens illustrating advanced step in celt making. -..._-_. Specimens illustrating breakage in celt making.........--.. Specimen illustrating roughed-ont celt, very thick at lowerend Specimen from celt shop, probably rejected on account of defective works. 22222. a. et aan eee ee Ee Specimens illustrating the manufacture of grooved axes_.... Hammerstones from the celt shop near Luray... -- Hammerstones from the celt shop near Luray Rerforated tabletsofjslaterce.-- 94.20) ee ee nese eee ee Winged ceremonial stones from the vicinity of Washington... Pitted stones and mortar from tidewater village-sites........ Mortars, pestles, and sinker(?) from the tidewater province-. Abrading stones from the vicinity of Washington. Hammerstones from Potomac village-sites...........-.-.---- Surface of soapstone quarry, showing various phases of the CHULIN oyop eral ONG eee ee ene ee oe a Incipient vessels broken during the shaping operations .-...-

Page

PLaTE LXXVIII. LXXIX.

LXXX. LXXXI. LXXXII. LXXXIII. LXXXIV.

LXXXYV. LXXXVI. LXXXVII. LXXXVIII. LXXXIX. KC.

XCI.

XCIl. XCIII. XCIV. XCV. XCVI. XCVII. XCVIII. XCIX.

. Specialized and partially specialized objects of steatite ---. I. Graded series of flaked implements ...--....-......-..----. . Quarry . Results of experimental flaking by percussion and pressure. . A, Shield with star symbol;

CIX.

CX. CXI. CXII. CXIII. CXIV. CXV. CXVI. CXVII.

CXVIII. CXIX. CXX. CXXI. CXXII. § CXXIII. CXXIV.

CXXV.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Series of forms showing steps in the steatite-shaping process - Quarry-shop rejects showing early stages of the steatite Bapin MOL ke ee ae aa ae haa a oale nie mints eral aia er Examples of unfinished steatite vessels View of the Clifton quarry after clearing out ...-.....----- Implements used in cutting steatite......--..-....----.---- Map and sections of the Connecticut avenue steatite quarries. Map showing trenching of the ancient steatite quarries on the northern hill Surface of ancient steatite quarry exposed by trenching ---- Chisei-like implements used in cutting steatite Steatite-cutting implements of eruptive rock.......--.-.--- Fragment of a steatite quarry implement Implements used in cutting steatite.........-...----.---.-- Implements used in cutting steatite......-....----.-------- Mass of steatite partially cut out by means of stone chisels-- Grooved axes used in soapstone quarries ..---.----------- Rude grooved pick used in quarrying steatite.-......--.---- Implements used in cutting steatite............--..---.---- Pointed implements used in cutting steatite...-.....-..---- Steatite pick made by sharpening a grooved ax...--.-..---- Grooved ax used and broken in asteatite quarry. -.-....----- Grooved axes sharpened by flaking for usein quarrying steatite Small articles made of steatite.......-..-.--...-.-.-.------

group in plaster set up on the Piny branch site. ----

B, Soydluta shield with star and unknown symbol; C, Symbolic sun shield_.-.---- ace

eLnerNatackaceremonyrat Walples-. 2-22-5225 s2se20\-222-- I. Hahaiwiiqti, Natdcka, and Soy6kmana..-.....--.--.-..---.- eb ollvoree slakomanasecnaseere sete sccees see eee emcee eee aay . Katcina mask with squash-blossom appendage

and rain- cloudisymbolism 22.2 2222 cesiswts soo oe eee een se eacies sacs Doll of Cailakomana (mistakenly given on the plate as Cala- kotaka) Head-dressoteall oso ka saseee ete eerie ie eens eae eal eees ASPowdmiimaskys tesco soos ates so o= soso ete eont es eno ees Maprof the\ Casa Grandelgroup;------------ -----=-=-=---=-- Ground plan of Casa Grande ruin.......---..--.-------.~--- Generaliviewior Casal Grand cesses scenes see enee see ese > Interior wallisurface 2. < ese ss ockee eo =< ses se eiaciose = == West front of Casa Grande, showing blocks of masonry---- Plan showing ground-level erosion, tie-rods, limits of work, andylines:on eround Sections =- nee. -1-=se> === - -)= = = 1) == Jast-and-west ground sections North-and-south ground sections South front of the ruin, showing underpinning and ends of tie-rods

Section! through A-B of roof ies showing suggested roof SUP POLL oes oe sae eee a see estes oe idee Secic ene ane =

Section through C-D of roof plan, showing suggested roof support

Map showing location of Casa Grande reservation and ruin.

XIV

FIGURE 1.

to

42,

46.

. Implement used in entting steatite; from the Olney quarry . Implement used in cutting steatite; from Sandyspring quarry ..--- . Gouge-like implement grooved for hafting ..--....--....-.....---- . Map showing distribution of rejects of manufacture ..........-.-- . Map showing distribution of implements.-..-....--.....-.--...--- . Cross section illustrating successive removal of flakes from bowlders. . Sisseton and Wahpeton camping circle..........--..---.---..----- FP SISSELON CANIN 1 C IEC] Onsen setae ee ae ae eee PSiiCaBx( CaM PIN oO CINClO seems ee ase dese ae seasons ee Chee ene ne Oplalaicampineicire] tice a pecs se eee aae ee eee eee meee Enero 7 Omaharcampin oycire] 6 cn-em nese sess sei = a ee eee oe eee ne * Inke-sabeygentile}assembly assess ee eee eer eee see eee ees subonikaicam piney Circleyn = =e ce. = eae eae ee eee eee eee ee . Kansa camping circle . Osage camping circle . Tablet of the Palahikomana mask

REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

General section across Rock creek and Piny branch valleys. .....-.

. Section of the ravine, showing formations and position of quarries. . Panoramic view of Piny branch quarry-sites, looking north ...-.--. . Section across bed of rivulet at base of quarries .....-....---......

Cross section at beginning of the first trench.........-.....--..---

» Crossisection at the) twentieth toote----eeceses scence eaaeaeieeee tees sACLOSsisection at the nortiet a do00tene=-see-e se eeme cee seen eee ere

. Supposed anvil stone and cluster of slightly shaped bits of rhyolite- 7 Mlaikin py by@press UT sane ena ne le ears esate oe ee ee eee ae a laking byspressure) =. sesermsete eee = eee eee ee eee . Probable manner of hafting the smaller chisels.---..-...-......--. . Probable manner of hafting the single-pointed and the two-pointed

Chisels Or PiCkss sec chs scepter pee oes

= sketchimaplof thelClittonqnartys sense seee eer eee ee ee . Rude pick of quartz, slightly sharpened by flaking..---.-.--..---- 20. Rude pick of quartz, slightly sharpened by flaking....--.---.. etcs 21. Rude pick made by sharpening quartzite bowlder...--. ....-..--- . Rude pick made by sharpening quartzite bowlder. ...-_..--......- . Implement used in cntting steatite; from quarry in Howard county,

Maryland! 2s2-0cse > ce scsrceeies coats se ee ao ae ee eee eee

. Implement used in cutting steatite; from quarry in Howard county,

Maryland) :2 0c jo8- season = soot eee ae see eeeerse ee eee meer

7 Maskvotebawikkatcmar(sideiview) 2s) eee e ce cen ee ceeeeee eee eee . Mask of Pawikkateinamana

ceremony .-.-.-

8. Symbolism of the helmet of Himiskatcina (tablet removed) .....--

NW LOT Noa Si OS ~1 bh 6

(o-2)

or)

NHOwWNWNNNWW Wh oOo NUDawWw wd wv Sar N WS

hiPORL OF TE; DIRECTOR

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Dw hee OH HEN OLOGY

By J. W. Powe ., Director

INTRODUCTION

Researches relating to the American Indians were continued throughout the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894, in conformity with act of Congress.

As set forth in previous reports, ethnic relations, or the rela- tions existing among races, peoples, and tribes, are measureably unlike those recognized by naturalists in the classification of orders, genera, and species of animals and plants. In biology the primary unit recognized by investigators is an individual organism, and the secondary unit is a norm or type (perhaps represented by an individual organism of average character- istics) standing for the species, genus, or order; hence biology is the science of organic things, considered as saieadivells and types of individuals. From one point of view, mankind, like other living things, may be regarded as an assemblage of indi- vidual organisms conforming to certain types, and from this standpoint the races of men may be regarded as species of the genus Homo, or as varieties of the species Homo sapiens; but from a more elevated point of view mankind may be seen to display distinctive characteristics of great importance by which the class is clearly set off from that including the plants and the beasts. Viewed from this higher standpoint, the races and peoples and tribes of the earth are assemblages of interrelated

XVIL 15h THT

XVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

and more or less intelligent groups; the primary unit of the investigator of mankind from this standpoint is not the indi- vidual, but the group—the pair, family, clan, gens, tribe, or confederacy among primitive men, the family, body-corporate, municipality, body-politic, state, nation, or alliance among civi-

lized peoples—while the secondary units are not biotic norms or types, but the normal products of collective activity in the vari- ous groups, comprising languages, arts of welfare and pleasure, institutions, and opinions. Accordingly the science of man, defined from this standpoint, is primarily and in every essential respect superorganic, and is clearly set apart from biology as from all other sciences.

There are thus two essentially distinct points of view from which the science of man may be regarded: From one stand- point man is an animal, and his kind is an assemblage of indi- vidual organisms susceptible of arrangement by type into varieties, and the science of man, regarded from this standpoint, is closely akin to biology; while, from the higher standpoint, mankind must be regarded as an assemblage of superorganic and essentially collective groups, and may be classified by the products of collective activity; and from this standpoint the science of man is fundamentally distinct. For certain purposes it is desirable, and indeed necessary, to regard man alterna- tively from the two poits of view, and to connect the two widely diverse branches of the science of man, and this is com- monly done under the general term Anthropology. Sometimes it is desirable to study mankind with special reference to racial and tribal characteristics, and in such manner as to weigh the varietal features of the genus and species, and such studies are combined under Ethnology; but it has been found that, after the primary division into three, four, or five races, the varietal features afford little or no aid in defining and classifying tribes, so that ethnologic researches on any given continent are neces- sarily carried forward in accordance with the superorganic science of man. For most purposes it is found best to study both primitive and civilized peoples as superorganic groups, in which each individual reflects and is molded by the character- istics of his associates, and this is the function of Demology

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XIX

or Demonomy (67/405, people; Adyos, discourse; véjos, law). Accordingly, demonomy may be considered as the science of humanity, or the science of those attributes which distinguish mankind from the lower organisms; and these attributes may be classed as demotic, in contradistinetion from the biotic char- acteristics of animals and plants.

Thus far in the researches relating to the American Indians it has not been found necessary to consider in detail the essen- tially biotic features which have led systematists to regard ’ the American aborigines as a distinct race, since these features are in large measure common to all of the aborigines of both American continents; but it has been found necessary to con- sider in detail many of the essentially demotic features displayed by the various tribes. Proceeding with the study of demotic characteristics, it was ascertained that all of the native tribes, so far as known, are grouped or regimented in similar fashion, so that it is inexpedient to discriminate and classify the Indians on the basis of their mode of grouping; for classified in this

way all the known tribes are essentially alike, and collectively form but a single category. Further research showed that, while the primary demotic units are essentially alike, the secondary units, representing the products of collective activity, are diverse; and accordingly the researches concerning the relations of the Indian tribes were directed chiefly toward the products of intellectual activity among the tribes. In this way the researches were gradually divided into five principal lines, with their various subdivisions and ramifications, viz: (1) arts, or esthetology; (2) industries, or technology; (3) institutions, or sociology; (4) language, or linguistics; (5) opinions and beliefs, or sophiology. Practical considerations from time to time have led to special activity in certain lines or branches and to temporary inactivity in other lines and branches; yet, so far as seemed feasible, the work of the Bureau has been so conducted as to develop alike the five categories of secondary demotic characteristics.

The plans and personnel of the Bureau have remained prac- tically unchanged, except that, at the beginning of the fiscal year, Mr W J McGee was added to the corps and appointed

xx REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Ethnologist in Charge, and entrusted with many administra- tive details.

With the beginning of the fiscal year the method of prepar- ing administrative reports was modified. In lieu of oral monthly reports of progress, with more extended annual reports, formal monthly reports have been required, and these have been sum- marized periodically for transmittal to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The current operations of the Bureau are set forth fully in these reports; and the periodical summa- ries are incorporated herein as a detailed exhibit of work and progress.

MONTHLY REPORTS OPERATIONS DURING JULY

Work in sign language and pictography—Colonel Garrick Mal- lery was occupied throughout the month in correcting and revising the proofs of a memoir on the ‘ Picture-writing of the American Indians,” which forms the greater part of the Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau. This memoir, which will occupy about 800 octavo pages and will contain about 1,500 figures m the text, besides 54 full-page plates, is at this date all in type, and the correction, as well as the preparation of lists of contents and illustrations, index, etc, is well advanced.

Work in mounds and earthworks—During the first part of the month Professor Cyrus Thomas was engaged in preparing the index to his ‘Report on Mound Explorations,” which accom- panies the Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau. The greater part of the proofs of this volume have been revised, but some time was devoted to fimal proof correction.

During the month Professor Thomas gave some time to the study of the Maya codices, with the view of settling, if possible, the question of the phoneticism of the writing therein, the set- tlement of this question being of great importance to American archeology. In the course of the work the investigation on the “Time Periods of the Mayas” was continued; and it was shown from the Dresden codex that the civil year used therein comprised 365 days, divided into 18 months of 20 days each,

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XxI

with 5 supplemental days, this usage coinciding with the calen- dar found in vogue at the time of the Spanish conquest. Other collateral results of interest were obtained.

Jastern archeology—Protessor W. H. Holmes spent the earlier part of the month in organizing the work for the year. Later he proceeded to different points in Delaware valley for the pur- pose of continuing studies of ancient quarries and quarry-shop rejects in that highly interesting archeologic region. A new quarry-shop was discovered within 15 miles of Trenton, yield- ing abundant rejects corresponding precisely with the supposed paleolithic objects found in that locality. Subsequently Pro- fessor Holmes proceeded to Chicago for duty in connection with the final arrangement of certain groups in the World’s Columbian Exposition under the immediate supervision of the Director. In the closing days of the month he visited a num- ber of interesting archeologic localities in Ohio, extending in particular his detailed observations of the Newcomerstown gravels—the only case now strongly held to indicate the exist- ence of man during the glacial period in this country.

Mr Gerard Fowke, under Professor Holmes’ general super- vision and under the immediate direction of the Ethnologist in Charge, proceeded to the valley of the Tennessee for the pur- pose of making collections from the litthe known but highly interesting interior shell mounds found in that region. His work has been successful, several cases of materials have been obtained, and Mr Henry Walther is now engaged in preparing and marking them for deposit in the National Museum for purposes of ethnologic study.

My William Dinwiddie, under Professor Holmes’ immediate direction, spent the greater part of the month in collecting materials representing the arts and customs of the Indians along the shores of Chesapeake bay. While the results of his work hardly equal expectations in point of quantity, much of the material is of exceptional interest, and his negative determi- nations are of value to the Bureau.

Western archeology—Mr Cosmos Mindeleff was occupied during the earlier part of the month in outfitting for several months’ work in the Pueblo country; afterward he proceeded

XXII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

to Holbrook, Arizona, and preliminary reports indicate that his work is now organized and beginning to yield valuable results in the form of material for reports, as well as in the form of valuable and sometimes unique collections.

Work in synonymy—Myr James Mooney spent the earlier portion of the month partly in collecting and revising material for the Synonymy, partly in preparing for a trip to Oklahoma for the purpose of collec ‘ting additional material from various Indian tribes, notably the Kiowa. Subsequently Ma Mooney enjoved a short vacation.

Mr F. W. Hodge continued work on the Synonymy, making a careful examination of Bandelier’s monographs of southwest- ern history and archeology, by which considerable progress was made in the location of Pueblo settlements not previously identified. Final descriptions of the Tiwa and Piro tribes (including their history from 1540) were prepared, and several minor and collateral subjects were elaborated.

Work in mythology—During the earlier part of the month Mrs Matilda CG. Stevenson continued the elaboration of mate- rial relating to the Zuni for early publication. During the later half hie began revision of the proofs of a memoir on the Sia Indians, which constitutes the le: ading “accompanying paper” of the Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau. The illustrations of this memoir are completed, and a third of the text has been composed.

Throughout the month Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing has been oce upied in the arrangement of exhibits for the W ‘orld’s Columbian Exposition, under the immediate supervision of the Director.

Work in linguistics—Mr J. Owen Dorsey continued the arrangement of Biloxi texts, with interlinear and free English translations and notes, adding many pages of Biloxi phrases, making a total of 245 typewritten foolscap pages, which are substantially ready for the printer. Progress was also made in the preparation of slips for the Biloxi-E nglish dictionary. In addition, Mr Dorsey corrected considerable portions of the galley-proof and second- -page revise of Riges’ “ Dakota Gram- mar, ‘Texts and Ethnography,” forming volume rx of Contri- butions to North American Ethnology.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXIII

Dr Albert 8. Gatschet spent the month in the elaboration of field materials pertaining to the Peoria language. About 2,000 words were extracted from the notes and placed on slips. Progress was made also in extracting the grammatic elements and in analyzing prefixes, suffixes, and alterations and_per- mutations of consonants and vowels within the same word, classifiers of the adjective, reduplication of the root, ete. All of the grammatic matter also was recorded on slips and in books for use in the preparation of a Peoria dictionary and grammar. On the whole, satisfactory progress has been made in determining the structure of the Peoria language.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt temporarily discontinued his work on the lexicography and grammar of the Tuskarora-Iroquoian dialect during June, and throughout the last month has been occupied in preparing a special description of the sociology of the Iroquoian peoples. This study has already led to valuable results, not only directly, but indirectly through the elucida- tion of the meaning of terms determined or modified by social relations. Mr Hewitt’s kinship with the Iroquoian peoples gives him special advantages in the work. He has been able to formulate the rights, duties, privileges, and obligations of the two phases of the family group, as well as that pertaining to the gens. Collateral results of importance have flowed trom Mr Hewitt’s studies.

Work in bibliography—TVhe bibliographic work of Mr James C. Pilling has been seriously interrupted by ill health; but a part of the month was occupied in a careful examination of the Bibliography of the Chinookan Languages recently issued from the press, with the purpose of providing for the correc- tion of supposed errors due to the illness of the author at the time of proof revision. It was found, however, that the con- dition of the publication is satisfactory, and it will at once be distributed.

Work in sociology—During the earlier part of the month Dr W. J. Hoffman was occupied in arranging and classifying data and material relating to the Menomini Indians of Wisconsin. Subsequently, under instructions of July 15, he set out on a trip for research and collection among these Indians.

XXIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

The time of the Ethnologist in Charge has been occupied chiefly in administrative work and in examining sociologic mate- rial in the archives of the Bureau and in organizing study thereof.

Publication—TVhe Eighth Annual Report was received from the bindery during the month, and other reports are advancing satisfactorily.

Columbian Exposition—Vhe Director, with Professor Holmes, Mr Cushing, and Mrs Stevenson, has been engaged during part of the month in arranging the Bureau exhibit in the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago.

OPERATIONS DURING AUGUST

Work in sign language and pictography—Colonel Garrick Mal- lery has continued, and during the month completed, the revi- sion of proofs of his memoir on the ‘ Picture-writing of the American Indians.” He has also completed the preparation of table of contents, bibliography, and general index, and these have been composed, and he has revised the proofs thereof. The stereotype plates were also examined and corrected. This work is now on the press as the body of the Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau.

Work in mounds and earthworks—Professor Cyrus Thomas has continued the revision of proofs of the closing portions of his “Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnol- ogy.” During the month the lists of contents and illustrations, and also the general index, have been revised in proof, and all are now stereotyped. The monograph, which is the most vol- uminous ever prepared on this subject, considerably exceeding in this respect the classic work of Squier and Davis, comprises 730 pages, including 344 cuts in text and 42 plates. It forms the body of the Twelfth Annual Report, the introductory mat- ter of which will shortly be printed.

A part of the month was spent by Professor Thomas in con- tinuing his researches concerning the Maya codices. He also completed the preparation of a paper relating to certain objects found in mounds, designed for publication as a bulletin and to supplement the above-described report.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXV

Eastern archeology—Protessor W. H. Holmes, together with his assistants and collaborators, continued work in eastern arche- ology. Mr William Dinwiddie made an extended collecting trip over the country about the head of Chesapeake bay, pro- curing considerable new material and obtaining valuable infor- mation concerning the distribution of aboriginal art products with respect to waterways and other geographic features. Mr Gerard Fowke continued the collection of material from the interior shell mounds of Tennessee and forwarded considerable quantities of interesting material, which is now beine cleaned and labeled by Mr Henry Walther. Professor Holmes himself spent a part of the month in special studies concerning the development of the shaping arts. His ideas were formulated in a preliminary paper, and it is expected that the matter will be expanded and suitably illustrated, and that it will then be incorporated in a final report on the aboriginal stone art of the territory now forming eastern United States.

Western archeology—My Cosmos Mindeletf remains in the field engaged in surveys of the Pueblo country of northern Arizona, and his reports indicate satisfactory progress in the surveys as well as in the collection of material.

Work in synonymy—In the absence of Mr James Mooney on field duty, and in the absence of Mr F. W. Hodge on leave, little progress was made in this work during the month.

Work in mythology—Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson has been occupied in revising proofs of her memoir on “The Sia,” which forms the leading paper accompanying the Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau. The revision of galley proofs was com- pleted, and most of the page proofs, together with the proofs of illustrations, have now been revised.

Work in linguistics—Reverend J. Owen Dorsey continued the correction of the proofs of Riggs’ * Dakota Grammar, Texts and Ethnography,” forming volume 1x of the Contributions to North American Ethnology. The page proofs of the body of this work have now all been revised, and proofs of the list of illustrations, index, etc, are in hand. In view of the time which has elapsed since the commencement and even since the completion of the original compilation, it has seemed wise

XXV1 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

to supplement the work by a brief chapter setting forth the results of recent investigations concerning the Dakota lan- guages, and Mr Dorsey has begun the preparation of this chapter. He spent a part of the month in an examination of the dictionary slips of the various Siouan languages, for the purpose of formulating a series of characters absolutely neces- sary tor recording the words of Indian languages.

Dr A. 8. Gatschet has continued researches on the Peoria language, chiefly in extracting grammatic elements and in studying: the permutations of vowels and consonants, in which direction interesting results have been obtained. Certain terms in the vocabulary have also been found of exceptional interest as suggesting, and in some cases explaining, steps in the devel- opment of mythic concepts.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt has continued work on the Iroquoian- English dictionary, making satisfactory progress therein.

Work in bibliography—Mr James C. Pilling was occupied throughout the month in preparing cards taken from the Chi- nookan and Salishan bibliographies for imcorporation in the final works on those subjects. In addition, he has critically examined plate proofs of the Salishan bibliography for the purpose of eliminating minor errors; and some progress has been made in the preparation of manuscript for the next num- ber of the bibliographic series.

Work in sociology—Dr W..J. Hoffman reports from Keshena, Wisconsin, the successful commencement of the season’s re- searches into the ceremonials of the Menomini, Ottawa, and Ojibwa Indians; he has in addition already sent in certain collections of importance representing the aboriginal arts of the Indians of the Lake Superior region. One of these, a birchbark canoe, typical for that region, has been transmitted to the National Museum.

The Ethnologist in Charge has been occupied chiefly in administrative work, in examining matter designed for publica- tion, and in continuing the arrangement of sociologic material in the archives of the Bureau.

Miscellaneous—As incidentally set forth above, publication is proceeding satisfactorily. The distribution of the Eighth

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXVIL

Annual Report and the Bibliography of the Salishan Languages has been commenced. The stereotyping of the Tenth Annual Report has been completed, and the plates are on the press. The body of the Twelfth Annual Report has been stereotyped, and the Eleventh Annual Report is rapidly passing through the printer’s hands, the first of the three papers bemg now in page proof, the second well advanced in galleys, and the third just coming in.

Work in the preparation of illustrations has been continued, and a number of remarkably fine plates designed to illustrate reports by Mrs Stevenson on Zuni ceremonials, and by Mr James Mooney on the Ghost dance, have been completed.

The Bureau has assumed possession of its new quarters in the Adams building, but the transfer of persons and property has been unexpectedly delayed and is not yet completed.

The Director has continued the installation and arrangement of the Bureau exhibit at the World’s Columbian Exposition, and has been aided therem by Mr Cushing, and for a part of the month by Professor Holmes and Mrs Stevenson.

OPERATIONS DURING SEPTEMBER

Work in mounds and other antiquities—Dr Cyrus Thomas was occupied during a part of the month in final critical examina- tion of proofs of texts and illustrations of his monograph on the Indian mounds of eastern United States. The remaining portion of the month was spent in carrying forward the re- searches concerning the Maya codices and in work relating thereto. The investigation is laborious and slow by reason of the large number of historic, linguistic, and other comparisons required at every step. Some time has been occupied in exam- ining the literature relating to Central American deities and mythology, with special reference to the Maya Pantheon, with the object of identifying the glyphs describing such deities. A new study has also been made of the symbols representing days and months, in order to utilize these names in the inter- pretation of other characters. The recent work indicates that the Maya writing is in some measure phonetic, but also com- prises the use of the rebus, or what Brinton characterizes as the ikonographic method of writing.

XXVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Eastern archeology—Protessor W. H. Holmes has continued his researches concerning the aboriginal arts of eastern United States, interrupted only by duty in Chicago installing exhibits of the Bureau at the World's F air, from the 1st to the 19th of the month. During the closing part of the month substantial progress was made in the digestion of field notes and prepara- tion of reports for the press. A monograph on aboriginal pot- tery, begun a year or two since and temporarily laid aside, has been again taken up with a view to completion for publication as volume vit of Contributions to North American Ethnology. Satisfactory progress has been made in the rearrangement of text and in the preparation of the drawings and photographs, which the text is designed to elucidate.

Mr William Dinwiddie, under Professor Holmes’ supervision, was occupied during the greater part of the month in collect- ing trips along the shores and tributaries of Chesapeake bay, with the object of demarking more exactly, by means of art products, the territory belonging respectively to the different aboriginal peoples; while Mr Gerard Fowke continued collec- tion of material from the interior shell mounds of Tennessee and Kentucky. This material, together with that sent in by Mr Dinw iddie, is now being cleaned and labeled 1 oy Mr Henry Walther preparatory to transfer to the National Museum.

Western archeology—My Cosmos Mindeletf has continued operations in the Pueblo country. On August 28 he left Winslow for the Rio Verde by way of Sunset and Chaves passes, Stoneman lake, and Rattlesnake tanks. The road was difficult, but was traversed without loss. On reaching the Verde he withdrew his field outfit, which had been stored for two years. Progress southward was delayed by mishaps, and at Flagstaff for repairs. He left Flagstaff on September ils. soon reaching the Little Colorado at the mouth of San Fran- cisco wash, where the condition of the roads was such as to delay progress, so that he reached Winslow only on the 20th and Holbrook on the 24th. While this journey, necessary to obtain the outfit, was tedious, no time was lost, for the course pursued described a great circle, and Mr Mindeleff was able to examine the country on both sides of the Little Colorado from

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXIX

the mouth of the Puerco, and in two lines across the Mogollon mountains. The closing days of the month were spent at Holbrook, outfitting for further work; but progress in this direction was slow by reason of exceptional rain storms and floods.

Work in sign language and pictography— Having practically completed the proof revision of his memoir on the Picture- writing of the American Indians, Colonel Garrick Mallery has taken up the material relating to sign language, gesture speech, pantomime, ete, with a view of monographing this sub- ject also, and satisfactory progress has been made in the arrangement of the matter. A part of the month was, how- ever, spent in field work in the Lake Superior region for the purpose of obtaining more precise information concerning cer- tain points on which the data at hand are obscure.

His memoir on Picture-writing, forming the body of the Tenth Annual Report, is stereotyped; and it is reported to be on the press.

Work on the Synonymy of Indian tribes—Myr F. W. Hodge continued the preparation of material for the Synonymy. During the month the Jumanos (a formerly important tribe occupying an extensive area in what are now the states of Chihuahua, in Mexico, and New Mexico, in the United States) were described as completely as the material obtainable will permit, the work leading to a tentative identification of this little-known tribe of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the Comanche of a later period. Work was carried for- ward also on the Pueblos and on the synonymy of the tribes of the Piman stock, much valuable information relating to the po ’p- wation, mission names, etymology, ete, of the latter tribe being obtained from rare publications. Extended correspondence in relation to the Pima and other peoples was also conducted.

Mr James Mooney remains in the field. During the month of September he was occupied on the Kiowa reservation in Oklahoma, making additions to Kiowa linguisties and ethno- logic materials, particularly in collecting mystic songs, which were recorded by means of the graphophone. Some material for synonymy was obtained.

XXX REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Work in mythology—Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson was occu- pied in part throughout the month in revising the page proofs and illustrations of her memoir on “The Sia,” forming part of the Eleventh Annual Report. In addition, she was engaged in the examination of anthropologic material at the World’s Fair in Chicago, serving for a time as an honorary judge of exhibits.

Having completed his work in arranging the exhibits of the Bureau of Ethnology at the World’s Fair, Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing returned to Washington and resumed researches in mythology about the middle of September. Since that time he has carried forward a study of the origin of aboriginal games, which are largely divinatory. The arrows, dice, and other objects used in the games, and the symbolism (often highly esoteric and significant) employed therein have received special attention. Curious coincidences or identities between certain divinatory games of this country and those of the Orient have been brought to light. With the collaboration of Mr Stewart Culin, of the University of Pennsylvania, Mr Cush- ing has made good progress in the preparation of a bulletin on this subject. In addition, Mr Cushing has made researches concerning the significance of the Swastika or Fylfot cross, long known in the Orient, though its meaning was not inter- preted; and by study of various forms of this object from different American localities, in connection with legend and myth, he has ascertained that the American swastika is a wide- spread wind symbol, and plays an important part in occidental mythology. Finally Mr Cushing has prepared an elaborate report on the collections of the Bureau at the World’s Colum- bian Exposition, particularly those conneeted with aboriginal mythology.

Work in linguistics—Mr J. Owen Dorsey has continued and completed the revision of page proofs, illustrations, ete, for Riges’ “Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography.” He has also prepared a supplement thereto in the form of an introduc- tory chapter, and of this also the proofs have been revised. In addition to this literary work, Mr Dorsey has continued the elaboration of linguistic material, especially that of the Biloxi Indians of Louisiana. He has given attention also to Indian

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXXI

phonetics, with the view of devising a complete alphabet adapted to the representation of the various obscure and deca- dent vocatives of primitive languages.

Dr A. 8. Gatschet continued his researches concerning the Peoria language along lines already laid down. Over two thousand Peoria words are now recorded on cards. In addition, he made during the month a careful examination of an elabo- rate English-Nez Percé dictionary and Nez Pereé grammar, representing the work of the late Miss 8. L. MeBeth, who was for many years a missionary teacher among the Nez Percé Indians of Idaho. This voluminous manuscript work was conveyed to the Bureau early in the month by Miss Kate C. McBeth.

Mr Hewitt continued the preparation of linguistic material already described, and was engaged also for a considerable part of the month in the elaboration of the system of government of the Iroquois, the modes of acquiring and conveying infor- mation of a political character, and also the primitive methods of agriculture.

Work in bibliography—Mr James ©. Pilling continued biblio- graphic work, completing the portion of his catalog pertaining to the Chinookan and Salishan languages, by preparing cards taken from the bibliographies of these stocks.

Work in sociology—Dr W. J. Hoffman continued field work,

spending the greater part of the month among the Menomini

fo) Indians of Wisconsin, with a view to completing a report on abo- riginal cult societies, mythology, ancient customs, and linguis- tics. Satisfactory progress was made in this work. In addition, he continued the collection of valuable material representing the pristine habits and domestic life of the Lake Superior Indians, sending in a typical dug-out canoe and also a very old mortar and pestle used originally for the grinding of grain and latterly for the preparation of medicinal and magic compounds. This objective material has been received, and will shortly be transferred to the National Museum.

The Ethnologist in Charge has been occupied chiefly in administrative work. In addition, a definite arrangement was effected with Senor Manuel Antonio Muniz, M. D., surgeon-

XXXII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

general of the Peruvian army, for the publication of a memoir on prehistoric trephining, the memoir being based on the finest collection of trephined crania (numbering nineteen examples) ever brought together. The condition of the material and the nature of Doctor Muniz’s work were such as to require consid- erable study.

Publication—An advance copy of the Ninth Annual Report was received during the month, and the edition of the report is now in the bindery. The Tenth Annual Report is still on the press. All galley proofs and most of the page proofs of the body of the Eleventh Annual Report have been revised, while the Twelfth Annual Report is practically ready to be put on the press. A concurrent resolution authorizing the publication of the Thirteenth Annual Report has been introduced in the House of Representatives, and, as already stated incidentally, volume 1x of the Contributions to North American Ethnology has been completed during the month, and is now stereotyped.

Removal of office—During the month the Bureau was trans- ferred to its new quarters on the sixth floor of the Adams building, 1333 and 1335 F street.

Exposition work—The Director remained in Chicago com- pleting the final details of arrangement of the Bureau collec- tion at the World’s Columbian Exposition.

OPERATIONS DURING OCTOBER

Work in sign language—Colonel Garrick Mallery has con- tinued the work of assembling

3)

voluminous materials on sign language which he has gathered

collecting, and arranging the

in connection with other work from time to time during sey- eral years. The work has progressed satisfactorily and the preparation of the final report on the subject is under way.

Work in mounds and other antiquitiee—Dr Cyrus Thomas has continued researches concerning the Maya codices, together with collateral studies relating to this special investigation as well as to the investigation of mounds and other earthworks. Certain results of special interest in the Maya research were reached about the end of the month, and will be reported later.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXXII

Work in eastern archeology—Protessor W. H. Holmes has continued his researches concerning art in stone and the art of pottery making, particularly in eastern United States. In addition, he made during the month a field trip to an island in Potomac river near Point of Rocks, recently invaded by a freshet in such manner as to lay bare an ancient village site and aboriginal workshop. The association of objects in the workshop proved of special significance, and Professor Holmes calls attention to the fact that here for the first time indications were found that blocks of stone were used as anvils in the production of certain classes of stone implements and weapons. This indication will be followed sedulously with the view of comparing methods of manufacture in different sections and among different peoples, and possibly of correcting earlier inferences concerning these methods. Professor Holmes’ office work has yielded satisfactory results in the preparation of manuscript and illustrations for reports of the nature already indicated.

The collections made by Messrs Fowke and Dinwiddie con- tinue to come in, and are proving of interest and importance. Mr Fowke’s connection with the Bureau has now been severed; and, with the completion of Mr Dinwiddie’s field work during the month, he was transferred to work in connection with the Synonymy, under the direction of Mr Hodge.

Work in western archeology— Mr Cosmos Mindeleff remained in the field. His formal report of the month’s operations has not yet been received, but correspondence during the month indicates fairly satisfactory progress in surveys and in making collections, though especially bad weather, including heavy rains and destructive freshets, has interfered with his move- ments.

Work in synonymy—Mr James Mooney remained in the field collecting information among the Kiowa, Arapaho, Caddo, and associated tribes of Oklahoma. In the early part of the month he had an opportunity of witnessing the great tribal ceremony of the Arapaho, the Sun dance, and succeeded in making a number of photographs illustrating it. Mr Mooney was also so fortunate as to observe other primitive ceremonials

15 ErH— III

XXXIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

now dropping into disuse. Extended data connected with the Ghost dance were collected, together with songs and myths bearing thereon, as well a vocabularies and notes on the tribal organization of the Caddo and other tribes.

Mr F. W. Hodge, who has been placed in charge of the library, in addition to his work on the Tribal Synonymy, has been occupied chiefly in the transfer and arrangement of books and pamphlets from the old quarters of the Bureau to its present domicile. In addition, he prepared a catalog of and general index to publications of the Bureau, which has been sent to the printer as a bulletin. Also, he completed the Piman synonymy and described the Concho tribe or division with its various settlements formerly in the Concho valley of eastern Chihuahua. The relations of this people are obscure; of their language nothing is known to literature; and it is uncertain whether they were connected linguistically with the Piman or neighboring tribes, or whether their relations were with the peoples of Texas and the interior.

Work in mythology—Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson has con- tinued the work of preparing a report on certain myths and ceremonials of the Zuni, and has made satisfactory progress.

Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing has been occupied chiefly in the study of gaming apparatus from Mexico and Indian Terri- tory, and in comparing these occidental games with certain analogous games of the Orient, as well as various other games of divinatory origin or character from different sources. Sat- isfactory progress was made in the preparation, by Ma Cushing jointly with Mr Stewart Culin, of a memoir on ‘Arrow Games and their Variants in America and the Orient.” Many signifi- cant facts and relations bearing on the concepts have been brought to light in the course of Mr Cushing’s investigations. Collateral lines of study have been pursued by Mr Cushing with success.

Work in linguistics—Mr J. Owen Dorsey continued the revision of proofs of his ‘Study of Siouan Cults,” forming part of the Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau, and also revised the galley proofs of Riggs’ “Dakota Grammar, Texts and Ethnography,” forming volume 1x of the Contributions to

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXXV

North American Ethnology. In addition, he has been occupied largely in the rearrangement of the linguistic material of the Bureau, cataloguing the manuscripts and storing them in rae proof vaults in the Bureau office. During the later half « the month he was occupied in part in collecting W ee texts as dictated by Philip Longtail, an intelligent representa- tive of that tribe, and in this way has been able to close a serious hiatus in knowledge concerning the Siouan tribes.

Dr A. 8. Gatschet has continued his work on the Peoria language. He now has more than three thousand Peoria words arranged on slips. In addition, he has a large body information relating to the grammatic structure of the lan- guage under not fewer than forty captions, the whole being systematically arranged with a view first to reference and later to publication.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt has been steadily employed in the office, chiefly in describing little-known customs of the Troquoian people, special attention being given to food products, notably maize. The etymologic elements of certain geographic terms were also investigated. Toward the close of the month Mr Hewitt was employed, under the supervision of Mr Dorsey, in arranging the linguistic and other manuscripts of the Bureau in fireproof vaults, and in preparing a card catalog to these archives

Work in bibliography—My Pilling has been actively engaged o his

in bibliographic work. An opportunity for comparing elaborate collections with those of other students has just been afforded through the publication of a “Bibliografia Espanola de Lenguas Indigenas de América” by Count Vinaza. The result of the comparison tends to establish the substantial completeness of the Pilling collection. After making this comparison, Mr Pilling continued the preparation of the main bibliographic catalog, adding titles taken from the Chinookan and Salishan bibliographies, and has introduced certain modi- fications in the arrangement of the catalog with the view of facilitating reference.

Work in sociology—TVhe Ethnologist in Charge has been occupied largely in administrative work and in the editing and proof revision of the publications of the Bureau.

XXXVI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Dr W. J. Hoffman was occupied throughout the month im the elaboration of the material gathered among the Menomini Indians during the last four years, and especially during the last season, and satisfactory progress has been made in the preparation of this material as a monograph of that tribe among reports of the Bureau.

Publication—Vhe Ninth Annual Report has been received and the distribution has been commenced. The Tenth Annual Report is leaving the press. The greater part of the Kleventh Annual Report has been stereotyped, and the remaining portion is passing rapidly through the printer’s hands. The Twelfth Annual Report will be put on the press so soon as conditions in the printing office permit. Volume 1x of the Contributions to North American Ethnology also is practically ready for print- ing. <A bulletin devoted to the Pamunkey Indians of Virginia, by Mr J. Garland Pollard, has been edited during the month, and is just going to the printer.

Removal of office—While the transfer of the office was practi- cally completed during September, the removal and rearrange- ment of the library have occupied attention durmg the present month.

OPERATIONS DURING NOVEMBER

Work in sign language—Colonel Garrick Mallery has con- tinued the preparation of a monograph on gesture signs and signals, which will embrace the material gathered since the publication of the preliminary essay on this subject in 1881 in the First Annual Report of the Bureau. In addition, some time was spent in work on the administrative portion of the Eleventh and Twelfth annual reports, now in press.

Work in mounds and other antiquities—Dr Cyrus Thomas has been occupied chiefly in researches concerning the Maya hiero- glyphs and calendars, and a paper designed for publication as a bulletin was prepared. This essay deals with the time series recorded in the Dresden codex. In it Dr Thomas is able to give what would appear to be the first positive evidence that the year used in the Maya codices consisted of 365 days and that a four-year series was recognized. The Maya year was

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXXVII

made up of 18 months of 20 days each, but these days were used in series or groups of 13, thus forming a highly complex calendar system, involving many interesting relations.

Work in eastern archeology—Protessor W. H. Holmes has remained in the oftice, busily employed in the preparation of papers relating to stone implements and ceramics. Among the special subjects dealt with during the month are (1) an exam- ination and comparative study of the use of animal forms and symbols in the development of pottery ornamentation; (2) a study of certain aberrant forms of ornamentation of pottery in southeastern United States, by which a prehistoric invasion of the Caribs may be demonstrated; and (3) a study of mortuary utensils, including pots, etc, which, after breaking, were buried with the dead, as well as similar utensils manufactured either as fragments or as pierced kettles, ete, made in similitude of the utensils destroyed by piercing before burial. The last-named study is of especial significance, in that it would indicate unex- pected recency of many arts and structures hitherto regarded as prehistoric, if not of remote antiquity.

Work in western archeology—The report of Mr Cosmos Min- delett, covering the period from October 20 to November 25, indicates that he has actively continued surveys and collec- tions among the cliff ruins of Arizona. Thirty-five ruins were visited, ground plans procured of all but two or three, and photographs and notes were freely taken. The work is yield- ing results beyond anticipation, and Mr Mindeleff is now of opinion that it will be possible to classify the ruins and estab- lish a chronologic sequence throughout a series commencing perhaps in pre-Columbian time, certainly in pre-Spanish time, in this region, and extending thence well into the time of definite history. One of the ruins seemed to record in its structure and characteristics a transition between measurably distinct culture stages. Again the work was somewhat re- tarded, though less seriously than earlier in the season, by bad weather.

Work in synonymy—Mr James Mooney continued field work throughout the month. The early days were spent with the Caddo and affiliated tribes north of the Washita in Oklahoma,

X XXVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

investigating the Ghost dance and collecting the songs used therein by means of a graphophone. Ghost-dance songs, together with songs of war and games, were obtained also from the Kiowa and Wichita Indians, and from all of the tribes other songs were collected by means of the grapho-

phone, both in single voice and chorus effects. The mescal ceremony of the Comanche was studied, and a large quantity of the interesting drug used therein was procured for chemical analysis and physiologic experiment, the mescal acting appar- ently as a stimulant or paratriptic of remarkable potency. A number of photographs illustrating ceremonials, as well as individual characteristics, customs, costumery, etc, were pro- cured, and Mr Mooney was able to obtain a considerable and highly interesting collection of objective material for office study and preservation in the National Museum. Some data for the Tribal Synonymy were also gathered.

Mr F. W. Hodge has been able to give a portion only of his time during the month to work on the Synonymy, his energies being expended chiefly in the arrangement of the library and in enlarging the scientific exchange list of the Bureau. The work in the latter direction has met with gratifying success, the regular accessions of the library being largely increased. Mr Dinwiddie has aided in the work pertaining to the library.

Work in mythology—Myr F. H. Cushing has continued the study of primitive games, divinatory and ceremonial, and his report on the subject, prepared in conjunction with Mr Stewart Culin, is nearly ready for publication. Meantime he has carried forward his more general studies in mythology, giving special attention to the origin and primitive use of fire. Fire myths are nearly universal and fire worship common among primitive peoples; and it is the possession of the art of fire making which, perhaps more than any other characteristic, distinguishes man- kind from the lower animals. The beginning of human con- quest of fire has not yet been traced clearly, but Mr Cushing’s researches are contributing materially to knowledge of the subject.

During the earlier part of the month Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson continued the preparation of an important paper

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXXIX

on Zuni ceremonials, making satisfactory progress therein. Throughout the later portion of the mouth her work was unfortunately interrupted by serious illness.

Work in linguistics—During the earlier half of the month Mr J. Owen Dorsey was occupied chiefly in recording the Win- nebago myths dictated by Philip Longtail, who has been found to possess a wealth of information relating to the language, beliefs, and customs of his tribe. Eight important texts and many explanatory notes were acquired through his aid. Dur- ing the later portion of the month Mr Dorsey completed proof revision of his “Study of Siouan Cults,” forming part of the Eleventh Annual Report, and began the preparation of the index. He also completed the correction of the final proof of the preface to volume 1x of the Contributions to North American Ethnology, and brought to substantial completion the index to this volume. Meantime he continued arranging and supervising the arrangement of linguistic and other manu- scripts in the fireproof vaults in the office. More than half of these manuscripts, most of which are unique and invaluable to ethnologie students, are now arranged in the vaults and a systematic catalog thereof prepared with a view of future publication.

Dr Albert 8. Gatschet continued work on the Peoria lan- guage, giving special attention to its grammar. A large amount of material has been extracted from manuscript notes and ar- ranged in categories based on the animate and inanimate forms of adjective and verb; on the modes of forming plurals in the substantive, adjective, and pronoun; on the differences in inflee- tion of transitive verbs without object, with object in the sin- gular, and with object in the plural; on comparisons of Peoria inflection with parallel forms in other Algonquian languages, ete. During the last fiscal year Dr Gatschet began the com- pilation of a comprehensive table of Algonquian dialects, em- bracing a series of terms in twenty-five tribal branches of that stock. Important contributions to this comparative list have been made during the last two months. These comprise names for parts of the human and animal body, for a number of ani- mals, plants, and implements, for meteoric phenomena and

XL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

elementary concepts, for color adjectives, and for divisions of time. With great zeal Dr Gatschet also continued at home the preparation of vocabularies of the Natchez language of Mississippi, being efficiently aided by Mrs Gatschet. His Natchez vocabulary, combined with that of the late Albert Pike (which is in need of correction as to phonetics), comprises about 4,000 vocables.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt was engaged during the earlier part of the month with Mr Dorsey in the classification of linguistic manuscripts with a view to arrangement in the vaults. The later portion of the month was occupied largely in transcribing on cards the Cayuse (Umatilla) vocabulary of Reverend J. B. Brouillet. At the same time a comparative study of this lan- guage with that of the Nez Percé was carried forward with interesting results. Among other relations, it was found that at least six of the numeral digits are formed from apparently common bases.

Work in bibliography—My James C. Pilling carried forward with energy his work on linguistic bibliography. Finding it necessary to consult rare works not to be found elsewhere, he visited the Lenox and Astor libraries during the month, thereby verifying references relating to different numbers of the series and enabling him to complete the Wakashan bibliography, which is now practically ready for the press. After his return he was engaged continuously in completing this bulletin and in preliminary work on other numbers of the series.

Work in sociology—The chiet sociologic work during the month was that conducted by Dr W. J. Hoffman, who has been engaged on the ethnography of the Menomini Indians. He has completed a detailed description of the ritual and drama- tized ceremonials of the several cult societies of this tribe, and he has also arranged in form for publication a number of myths and folk-tales.

Publication—The publications in press in various stages and for the greater part nearly ready for issue are the following: The Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Annual reports, volume 1x of the Contributions to North American Ethnology, and the bul- letin, by J. Garland Pollard, on the Pamunkey Indians of Virginia.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XLI

There are in hand and nearly or quite ready for the press the Thirteenth Annual Report and material for the Fourteenth Annual; Mr Pilling’s Bibliography of the Wakashan Lan- guages; amonograph on Aboriginal Pottery of Hastern United States, by Professor Holmes; and a paper on Prehistoric Trephining in Peru, by Dr Manuel Antonio Muniz; a bulletin on the Maya Calendar System deduced from the Dresden Codex, by Dr Cyrus Thomas; and a bulletin on Primitive Gaming, by Mr F. TH. Cushing and Mr Stewart Culin. In addi- tion, various other reports are approaching completion.

Résumé of field work—Field work was continued during the month in Oklahoma and Arizona; in the former Mr Mooney was engaged in studies and collections pertaining to the Kiowa, Comanche, and Caddo Indians; in the latter Mr Cosmos Mindeletf made important surveys and researches among the Pueblos.

Resumé of office work—A large part of the energies of the Bureau have been devoted to work in linguistics and sign lan- guage. Colonel Mallery has continued the preparation of the report on the latter subject; Mr Dorsey, Dr Gatschet, and Mr Hewitt have been engaged in linguistics and have made prog- ress in recording vocabularies and grammars of the rapidly passing peoples native to this countr Wie Contributions to the same subject have been made by Mr Moc mey and Dr Hoffman. Mr Pilling’s bibliographies of Indian linguistics have already come to be rec ‘ognized as the standard throughout the world, and his work thereon has been continued with increased. energy.

The arts of our aborigines continue to receive attention. Professor Holmes has continued researches and the prepara- tion of reports on the arts of eastern United States, while Dr Thomas has been occupied with reports relating to various arts of the interior and the southwest. Mr Cushing, Mr Din- widdie, and others have contributed to this subject.

The beliefs of the aborigines remain under investigation, from which fruitful results have already flowed, though the richest product has yet to be garnered. Mrs Stevenson, Mr Cushing, Mr Mooney, and Dr Hoffman have all contributed to the stock of knowledge concerning these primitive beliefs.

XLII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

The institutions of the Indians, including tribal organiza- tions, ete, have received some attention. The chief work on this subject has been that relating to the synonymy or cyclo- pedia of tribal names, which must form one of the bases for the researches in sociology. Mr Hodge has given much energy, and Dr Hoffman a part of his time to researches relating to primitive institutions.

The administrative work of the Bureau has been carried forward in such manner as to minimize expenditure of time and energy on the part of the scientific collaborators.

OPERATIONS DURING DECEMBER

Work in sign language—Colonel Garrick Mallery has con- tinued the arrangement for publication of material collected during several years past relating to gesture signs and signals. His progress in the preparation of text and illustrations for the monograph on this subject has been highly satisfactory.

Work in mounds and related antiquities—Dyr Cyrus Thomas early in the month critically read the introductory character- ization of his monograph on mounds, which was prepared by the Director. The greater part of the month was occupied in examining the various calendar systems of Central America and in making comparative studies of these calendars in connec- tion with those of Polynesia, and especially of Hawaii. His recent work has enabled him to revise and make important additions to his memoir on “The Maya Year,” just going to press as a bulletin.

Work in eastern archeology—Protessor W. H. Holmes has continued work in the office on his monograph relating to aboriginal ceramics, and satisfactory progress has been made in preparing the text and illustrations for the press. His re- searches are conducted in a comprehensive manner and serve to indicate significant relations between the development and ethnic relations of different peoples and arts, both indigenous and derived from neighboring tribes. His previous discovery of the influence of Carib art on the natives of the southeastern portion of the country proves only a forerunner of a series of discoveries in ethno-technic relations. This important subject will be discussed at length in Professor Holmes’ report.

« ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XLIII

Work in western archeology—W riting under date of Decem- ber 24, Mr Cosmos Mindeleff reports satisfactory progress in the investigations of the cliff ruins of Canyon de Chelly and Canyon del Muerto. During the month a number of ruins were visited and examined, and several new points were developed. Special attention was given to the tillable lands in the canyon, and Mi Mindeletf believes that the data thus obtaimed will throw light on the character, mode of life, and developmental history of the cliff-house peoples.

Although the operations in this region have been retarded by snow storms, sand storms, and the partly-frozen condition of the streams, rendering them impassable to animals, the progress of these researches has been satisfactory. Mr Min- deleff has now so planned his work that during the worst weather he remains in camp engaged in mapping and in the elaboration of his notes, with a view to their publication on his return.

Work in synonymy—Myr James Mooney, having returned from the field, was occupied throughout the month in office work in the process of digesting field records relating espe- cially to the Ghost dance and the Messiah religion. He has con- stantly borne in mind the needs of the work on synonymy and has taken out and carded tribal names, definitions, ete. In this way material progress has been made in this branch of work. At the same time substantial progress has been made in the preparation of the memoir on the Ghost dance.

Mr I. W. Hodge has remained at work in the office, dividing his energies between the library and the synonymy. Tirougth his efforts the exchange list of the librar y continues to increase; the regular accessions have been augmented nearly 50 per cent; the additions to the library since installation in the pres- ent quarters fill three large cases. Mr Dinwiddie aided in the library work during a part of the month, a part being oceu- pied in photographing ceramics for Professor Holmes. Mr Hodge was able to carry forward to some extent the prepara- tion of material for the Synonymy; and some progress in the same direction was made also by Mr Dorsey and Dr Gatschet.

Work in mythology——Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing was en- gaged in the office continuing the preparation of his paper on

XLIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

“Arrow Games and their Variants in America and the Orient.” Many curious and presumptively significant relations are brought to light by means of this study. Mr Stewart Culin, who is engaged jointly with Mr Cushing in this work, has obtained additional data relative to early Chinese games of similar character. Ma Cushing says: ‘fA study of these games reveals the fact that they were actually played with arrows or were still recognized as arrow games by the players them- selves as late as during the eleventh and twelfth centuries B. C., and thus a historic evidence of the arrow origin of lot and dice games in the Orient, confirming conclusively, in Mr Culin’s estimation, my hypothesis, founded on a study of specimens only, as to the identical origin of such games in America and as to their extremely archaic character, has been secured.” Just before the end of the month Mr Cushing was so fortunate as to come in contact with an educated young Aztec-Spanish Mexican, Louis O. Moctezuma, from whom he will doubtless be able to obtain much additional information in relation to the primitive games of southwestern United States and Mexico. This study by Messrs Cushing and Culin is yielding results of unexpected, and it would appear remarkably high, ethnic value.

Mrs M. C. Stevenson’s work has unfortunately suffered inter- ference through serious illness, but progress has been made in the arrangement of illustrative material and text for a report on Zuni ceremonials.

Work in linguistics—During the earlier part of the month Mr Dorsey continued the arrangement of manuscripts in the fireproof vault. He also made progress in the preparation of the index to volume rx of the Contributions to North American Ethnology, and was occupied for some time in transcribing Kwapa material for use in the field in January and February. Some time was spent also in indexing his memoir on “A Study of Siouan Cults,” now in press in the Eleventh Annual Re- port. Some days were spent also in preparing for a field trip.

Dr Albert 8. Gatschet continued work on his notes relating to the Peoria language, and practically completed the extrac- tion of terms for the vocabulary, and nearly completed the extraction of grammatic elements. His work on this language

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XLV

will, it is thought, form a standard treatise on aboriginal Ameri- can linguistics.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt was occupied a part of the month in arranging manuscripts in the fireproof vault, under the direc- tion of Mr Dorsey. The later part of the month was spent in the study of the “Old Cayuse” language, the affinities of which have not hitherto been understood The results of his study tend to indicate that the Waiilatpuan family is really a branch of the Shahaptian. Should further research indicate this to be true, it will be an important addition to knowledge of the dis- tribution of linguistic stocks in northwestern United States.

Work in bibliography—During the earlier part of December Mr Pilling was engaged in completing for the press the manu- script of his Bibliography of the Wakashan Languages. This treatise was transmitted for publication on the 8th and is now in press, and proofs of the earlier portion have been received. The remainder of the month was occupied in correspondence and in researches relating to the literature of several linguistic families not yet completed, and progress was made in the preparation for the press of the manuscript of the Bibhography of the Shahaptian Languages.

Work in sociology—Vhe chief work in this direction during the month was that of Dr W. J. Hoffman, who has continued the preparation of his report on the Menomini Indians. Dur- ing the month the chapters relating to the cult ceremonials and mythology have been prepared, and illustrative material has been brought together.

Resumé of field work—Field work was continued in only one region, namely, in the Pueblo country of the southwest, where Mr Cosmos Mindeleff has been engaged in surveys and re- searches pertaining to the cliff ruins.

Résumé of office work—The researches in the office have per- tained chiefly to linguistics, including gesture language. A monograph on gesture speech among the Indians is approach- ing completion; three linguists have made substantial progress in researches relating to the languages of tribes in different parts of the country, and two other students, engaged in related work, have elaborated the linguistic material of other tribes;

XLVI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

and Mr Pilling has carried forward his researches relating to the bibliography of aboriginal linguistics and has sent another memoir to press.

The arts of the American Indians have remained under inves- tigation by Professor Holmes and Dr Thomas, and incidentally by other collaborators of the Bureau, and a large number of facts have been arranged and systemized for publication.

The beliefs of the aborigines have been studied by Mrs Stevenson, Mr Cushing, Mr Mooney, and Dr Hoffman, and thereby knowledge concerning this interesting subject has been extended and classified.

The institutions of the American Indians, have continued to receive attention chiefly by the Ethnologist in Charge, and the synonymy of Indian tribes, which must form a basis of definite research relating to this subject, has been advanced and is in part practically ready for publication.

The administrative work of the Bureau has been conducted, as heretofore, with the aim of facilitating to the fullest extent the scientific researches. The library is arranged in such man- ner that the books, pamphlets, and manuscripts are readily accessible. All the linguistic manuscripts and a part of the other manuscript documents are systematically arranged in fireproof vaults and a reference catalog is in preparation, and a simple and definite system of time records has been introduced.

Publications—N 0 reports have been issued during the month, though the printing of the Tenth Annual was advanced and the administrative portions of the Eleventh and Twelfth were com- posed. The bulletin on the “ Pamunkey Indians,” by J. Gar- land Pollard, is in proof, and Mr Pilling’s Bibliography of the Wakashan Languages was sent to the printer and a batch of galley proots has been received. Two bulletins were prepared for the press during the month, viz, “Chinook Texts,” by Dr Franz Boas, and ‘“‘The Maya Year,” by Dr Cyrus Thomas.

OPERATIONS DURING JANUARY

Work in sign language—Colonel Garrick Mallery has con-

tinued the collation of material relating to gesture signs and

signals collected by him and other officers of the Bureau dur- ing the last decade. The arrangement of this matter is now

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XLVII

so far completed as to render definite the plan for the mono- eraph on the subject, and the writing daily produced will serve as copy for the printer. Meantime progress has been made in the preparation of the drawings required to illustrate the text, for from the nature of the case graphic illustration must constitute a large and essential part of the work. The discussion of the subject includes comparison with gestures and pantomimes of other peoples in different parts of the world, including instructed and noninstructed deat mutes.

Work in Indian hieroglyphs—Dr Cyrus Thomas was em- ployed throughout the month in examining and comparing the various Central American and Mexican calendars and calendaric inscriptions, and in studying the relations of these to the Polynesian calendars. This comparative work is yield- ing results of interest and suggestiveness. A part of the work included the preparation of supplementary matter for and revision of proofs of a memoir on “The Maya Year,” now in press as a bulletin. The linguistic data bearing on the sub- ject have been placed in the hands of Dr Gatschet for critical examination.

Work in eastern archeology—Protessor W. H. Holmes has continued the preparation of texts and illustrations for his monographs on ceramics and stone art, and has made satisfac- tory progress. As collateral to the last-named research he has during the month arranged for publication a bulletin relating to an aboriginal quarry, the product of which was used for the manutacture of stone implements, on the Peoria reservation, Indian Territory.

Work in western archeology—Myr Cosmos Mindelett remains in the field continuing researches relating to the cliff ruins of Arizona. Progress in exploration was in some measure re- tarded, but the plan of work was such that no time was lost, the hours and days of storm being occupied in arrangement of notes, execution of plans, and other office work in camp.

Work in synonymy—My James Mooney was occupied in the office in the preparation of his final report on the Ghost dance and, in connection therewith, in the accumulation of material relating to the tribal synonymy of the eastern division of the Siouan stock.

XLVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Mr F. W. Hodge has continued to divide his attention between work on the Synonymy and the arrangement of the contents of the library. A considerable amount of manuseript of the Synonymy has been made ready for publication. The accessions to the library continue to increase at a highly satisfactory rate.

Work in mythology—Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing has contin- ued the preparation of his monograph on ‘Arrow Games and their Variants in America and the Orient,” in the preparation of which he has had the collaboration of Mr Stewart Culin. Mr Cushing has received great benefit from information relating to Mexican games derived from Mr Louis O. Moctezuma, a well-educated young Aztec-Spanish Mexican, well acquainted with the native Indian games of his country. The importance of this study of games becomes more apparent as the work progresses, for among the aborigines games were played not for amusement, as among civilized people, but chiefly for divination, which was practiced im connection with industries and enterprises of all sorts; so that divinatory games occupied a large place in the thought and exercised an important influ- ence in the daily life of these people.

Mrs M. C. Stevenson, though not completely restored to health, has continued work on her monograph on the Zuni, and good progress has been made in the preparation of both text and illustrations.

Work in linguistics—The month was spent by Reverend J. Owen Dorsey in the field, chiefly at the Kwapa Mission in Indian Territory. The trip, which was a hasty one, ending with Mr Dorsey’s return about the end of the month, yielded important results, including (1) the revision of Kwapa lin- guistics previously recorded; (2) partial revision of the list of Kwapa gentes; (3) an important list of local geographic names; (4) alist of 254 personal names; (5) detailed informa- tion respecting the wapina", or chief deity of the Kwapa tribe; (6) a list of Kwapa dances; (7) a revision of the Kwapa words and phrases recorded by Lewis F. Hadley; (8) ten Kwapa texts, accompanied by explanatory notes; (9) a series of distinctions in pronunciation uot previously known;

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XLIX

and (10) a good series of photographs of the survivors of the Kwapa tribe.

Dr Albert 8. Gatschet pushed forward practically to comple- tion, so far as present data will permit, his work on the Peoria language, and after comparison with certain rare or unique vocabularies and grammars of related languages the matter will be ready for the press. In the later portion of the month he utilized an opportunity for collecting additional material per- taining to the Algonquian languages among the youth of the Indian school in Philadelphia.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt was occupied during the greater part of the month in the preparation of a report on the linguistic rela- tions of the Shahaptian and Waiilatpuan families and in exam- ining the affinities of these groups with the Lutuamian. This study was undertaken for the especial use of the Director in determining fundamental relations among linguistic stocks of the northwest, and the research was conducted in an eminently satisfactory manner.

Work in bibliography—During the month Mr James C. Pil- ling’s energy was divided between the collection of material for the Shahaptian bibliography and the revision of proofs of the Bibliography of the Wakashan Languages. The proof

>

revision of bibliographic matter is especially laborious and nee- essarily proceeds slowly. Galley proofs of nearly all of the matter, with page proofs of a considerable portion and page revises of a quarter of the volume, were examined, corrected, and returned to the printing office during the month. Publications—The printing of the Tenth Annual Report is announced to be substantially completed and the sheets practi- eally ready for the binder. The Twelfth Annual Report is ready to go on the press immediately, and the Eleventh is ready, except the index, which will be completed within a few days. The revision of proofs of the bulletin on the Pamunkey Indians, by J. Garland Pollard, was completed during the month, and the document has been directed to go on the press. The bul- letin comprising Mr Pilling’s Bibliography of the Wakashan Languages is well advanced in composition. All of the bulle- tin on “The Maya Year,” by Dr Thomas, is in type, and most of 15 ETH——1IV

L REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

the galley proofs and a part of the page proofs have been revised. The bulletin on Chinook Texts, by Dr Franz Boas, is partly composed, and the earlier galley proofs have been revised. The text and illustrations for the Thirteenth Annual Report were examined and in great part “prepared” during the month, and the bulletin on ‘‘An Aboriginal Quarry in Indian Terri- tory” was also made ready for transmittal to the printer.

OPERATIONS DURING FEBRUARY

The field operations for the month were limited to the work of two parties, viz, that of Mr Cosmos Mindeleff in the Pueblo country and that of Mr William Dinwiddie, under the direction of Professor Holmes, in Virginia, the work of the former being part of a systematic exploration and that of the latter being of a special character designed chiefly to yield material for addi- tion to the collections in the National Museum.

Work in sign language—Colonel Garrick Mallery has con- tinued the preparation of a monograph on this subject. During the month substantial progress was made not only in the prep- aration of copy for the text, but also in the execution of draw- ings required to illustrate the text, the subject being one which can be presented in satisfactory manner only by the free em- ployment of the graphic method.

Work in Indian hieroglyphs—Dr Cyrus Thomas has con- tinued researches relating to the Maya codices. During the month especial attention was given to the symbols and names for days and months of the Maya calendar, with the view of preparing a bulletin on the subject, and during the later portion of the month satisfactory progress was made in the preparation of this bulletin. Meantime the proofs of the bulletin on “The Maya Year” were revised. Hitherto there has been some dis- crepancy between the aboriginal Maya codices on the one hand, and the post-Columbian Maya books and the Spanish chronicles on the other, as to the duration of the year in the calendar of these people and concerning certain other matters; but Dr Thomas’ researches are resulting in the explanation and clearing away of these discrepancies and thus in establishing

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LI

more Clearly than ever before the authenticity and trustworthy character of the codices.

Work in eastern archeology—PVProtessor W. H. Holmes has been fully oecupied in the preparation of reports embodying the results of his researches in the field and museum extend- ing over several years. In seeking to discover the methods employed in aboriginal manufacture he has not been content with inferences from the form, structure, and markings of the art products, but has tested these inferences by repeating the process and with his own hands manufacturing utensils and implements in imitation of aboriginal objects, and in this way he has in many cases obtained more exact knowledge of the methods employed than would be possible by other means. The general tendency of this study is toward simplification of the processes represented in the products—e. ¢., he has shown that pottery, formerly supposed to have been molded in bas- kets or bags, was really wrought in much simpler fashion, the markings supposed to indicate the texture of baskets or bags being produced by beating or pressing with simple sticks or paddles wrapped with cord, and he finds that this beating or pressing greatly improves the texture of the clay and was thus a useful adjunct to pottery making. This discovery suggests that the supposed ornamentation was really incidental rather than primary in the minds of the potters. During the month the bulletin by Professor Holmes on “An Aboriginal Quarry in Indian Territory,” with the requisite illustrations, was com- pleted and transmitted to the Public Printer.

Early in the month intelligence came to this office to the effect that an aboriginal soapstone quarry of remarkable extent had been discovered at Clifton, Virginia, and that the owners of the quarry were willing to have the site examined and the material found therein conveyed to the National Museum. Mr William Dinwiddie was immediately dispatched to the locality, under the direction of the Ethnologist in Charge and, being impressed with the promise of a rich reward in relics of the soapstone implement makers, promptly made au arrange- ment with the owners, Messrs Hunter Brothers, for detailed examination and for the removal of specimens. The contract

LIL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

proved timely, for within an hour representatives from another institution appeared on the ground, prepared to arrange for the removal of the material. Work was at once begun and was continued throughout the month. The quarry has been largely cleared of débris and refuse and has been found to be the finest example of aboriginal soapstone quarry known in eastern United States. A large amount of material, including some eighty partly complete soapstone pots, a number of implements used in the work, and many of the pits or depres- sions from which pots have been removed have already been collected, and a good series of photographs and drawings representing the quarry and the mode of operation has been made. The work is still under way. The indications are that the Clifton soapstone quarry will come to form the type for eastern United States, and that the collection therefrom in the National Museum will become the standard for that class of aborigial industry.

Work in western archeology—Myr Cosmos Mindeleff remains im the field and reports satisfactory progress in working up the results of explorations and surveys. Inclement weather during most of the month prevented field operations, so that the explorer’s time was spent chiefly in camp, arranging notes, executing plans, ete.

Work in synonymy—Myr James Mooney spent the month in elaborating the material for the synonymy of the eastern Siouan peoples and in arranging copy for text and illustrations of his report on the Ghost-dance religion of the plains tribes In connection with the work on synonymy he brought together a considerable amount of collateral material unsuitable for in- troduction in the condensed work, and this was put in the form of a paper on the Siouan Tribes of the East, which was par- tially completed.

Mr F. W. Hodge continued to divide his energies between the work on synonymy and his duties as librarian. He, too, in his researches for the synonymy, found collateral material which he brought together in the form of a separate paper on the Jumano Indians, which was nearly completed during the month.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LIII

The growth of the library during the month has been quite satisfactory, and a large number of publications of standard character, including several complete series, have been obtained.

Work in mythology—Mrs Matilda C. Stevenson has, so far as the state of her health permitted, continued the preparation of her report on the Zuni. Most of the illustrations for this mono- graph are now completed, and the final revision of the copy for text is well advanced.

Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing has continued the preparation of text and illustrations relating to the arrow games of Amer- ica; and Mr Stewart Culin, who is writing on the arrow games of the Orient with the view to joint publication, has also made satisfactory progress. Mr Cushing has not allowed his re- searches relating to divinatory games completely to interrupt his more general studies relating to Zuni mythology; his work in this direction, being stimulated anew by the appearance of Nordenskiéld’s magnificent work on the Cliff-dwellers of Mesa Verde, is yielding valuable results, which will be set forth in subsequent reports.

Work in linguistics—During the greater part of the month Mr J. Owen Dorsey was engaged in arranging the Kwapa texts collected in January and in writing the interlinear trans- lations therefor. The material proves quite rich and is sufti- ciently complete for publication in case it be found inexpedient to collect additional data; the texts, with interlinear and free translations, would form a volume of fair size. Some days were spent by Mr Dorsey in the arrangement of the Winnebago texts collected earlier in the winter.

Dr A. 8. Gatschet during the first half of the month remained in Philadelphia, and during this period, as well as during the

Lo)

later portion of the month, he was occupied in constructing a vocabulary of the Shawnee language. At the same time the grammatic elements were extracted and arranged. About 2,500 terms have already been extracted for the Shawnee vocabulary.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt was occupied during the greater part of the month in studying the relations between the Shahaptian and Waiilatpuan groups of languages, as well as the relations

LIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF E'THNOLOGY

between these and the Lutuamian group. These studies, made under immediate instructions from the Director, have an impor- tant bearing on the classification of the linguistic stocks, and have already materially clarified knowledge concerning the relations of a number of tribes of northwestern United States.

Work in bibliography—Mr James C. Pillmg was occupied mainly in reading and correcting proof of the Bibliography and in

of the Wakashan Languages—now nearly finished preparing a chronologic index of the same. Some time was given also to the collection of material for the Shahaptian bibliography.

Publications—The printing of the Tenth Annual Report is completed, and the sheets are in the bindery; the Twelfth Annual Report is on the press, while the Eleventh is practically ready to follow. On February 16 the Thirteenth Annual Report was transmitted through the Secretary to the Public Printer, and work thereon has already been commenced.

The bulletin on the Pamunkey Indians, by John Garland Pollard, is completed, and the edition has been delivered and distribution commenced. Mr Pilline’s Bibliography of the Wakashan Languages is all in pages, and the revision of the proofs is nearly completed. Dr Thomas’ bulletin on The Maya Year has also reached the stage of page proofs, and all of the first and part of the second page proofs have been revised. The bulletin on Chinook Texts, by Dr Franz Boas, is mainly in type, and about half of the proofs have been revised. A bulletin by Professor Holmes on “An Ancient Quarry in Indian Territory,” alluded to in previous reports, was sent to press during the month.

OPERATIONS DURING MARCH

The chief work of the month has been in the office. Field operations have been carried forward only by Mr Cosmos Mindeletf in the Pueblo country of Arizona, and by Mr Wil- liam Dinwiddie, under the direction of Professor Holmes, in Virginia.

Work in sign language—Colonel Garrick Mallery has con- tinued the preparation of a monograph on Gesture Signs and

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LV

Signals, and satisfactory progress has been made in the com- pletion of the text of this monograph, and the execution of illustrations has been forwarded with energy, over fifty impor- tant drawings having been made.

During the month the printed sheets of the monograph on pictography were received from the printing office for the purpose of placing the plates.

Work in Indian hieroglyphs——Early in the month Dr Cyrus Thomas finished the revision of proofs of the bulletin on the Maya year. The remainder of the month was occupied in the preparation of a memoir on the signification of the sym- bols and names of days and months in the Central American calendar. The task has proved of unexpected magnitude, and extended comparisons and studies have been found necessary. This work is approaching completion.

Work in eastern archeology—Protessor W. H. Holmes has continued the preparation of monographs on the fictile ware and stone art of eastern United States, and both works are approaching completion, a large number of illustrations, both photographic and drawn in pen and ink, having been prepared and arranged. In addition, some time has been devoted to the arrangement of material in the National Museum, such material being in part newly collected and in part that returned from the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Also he revised and prepared an introduction for a bulletin by Gerard Fowke on “Archeologic Investigations in James and Potomac Val-

b]

leys.” Furthermore, some days were spent in the field at the Clifton soapstone quarry.

Mr Dinwiddie was occupied throughout the month in clearing the Clifton soapstone quarry noted in the last report, in study- ing the methods employed by the aboriginal quarrymen, in making photographs of the quarry, ete. The locality proves to be of great interest. By reason of the abundance of mate- rial in the form of implements, partially completed or imperfect vessels, together with pitted surfaces from which the blanks were taken, the quarry may be regarded as a type. The remark- ably rich collection of objects will greatly enhance the material relating to aboriginal industry already in the National Museum.

LVI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Work in western archeology—Myr Cosmos Mindeleff remains in the field, engaged chiefly in the elaboration of maps and notes relating to ruins examined during the preceding months of the fiscal year.

Work in synonymy—In the course of his work relating to the synonymy of the eastern Siouan peoples, Mr Mooney brought together a large amount of information relating to these tribes, a part of which is new, while another part is recorded only in rare literature and finds its explanation in the newer informa- tion. He has been able to identify several tribes whose hab- itations were recorded by earlier explorers and to trace the migrations of each. This information, which is too elaborate for introduction in the Synonymy, but which nevertheless elu- cidates that work, has been brought together in a paper on the “Siouan Tribes of the Kast,” which will shortly be transmitted for publication asa bulletin. Meantime Mr Mooney has continued his general work on the synonymy and has at the same time carried forward the preparation of his work on the Ghost dance.

Mr Hodge continued work on the synonymy of the south- western tribes, and also kept charge of the library. In addition, he made during the month a journey to New York for the pur- pose of examining a collection of manuscript documents relat- ing to equatorial America in possession of Professor Le Metayer de Guichainville. The accounts and samples of these docu- ments which had reached Washington indicated that they might prove of great value to students of the early history of the Spanish conquerors and their relations to the aborigines. Con- siderable information of importance was obtained from the examination of the collection.

The accessions to the library continue numerous and valu- able, the current literature of anthropology in the different countries being especially well represented.

Work in mythology—Myr Frank Hamilton Cushing has con- tinued his study on the arrow games of America, and satisfac- tory progress has been made in the preparation of text and illustrations.

Mrs Matilda C. Stevenson is still engage

c=) he)

ed in the preparation

of her report on the Zuni, though progress has been hindered

5

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LVI

by ill health. The myths of the aborigines of the southwest are of exceptional interest, since they exemplify in many cases the influence of environment on the minds of the devotees, and in some cases, moreover, they indicate the migrations of the peoples among whom they are found. Accordingly, the studies seem of exceptional importance in American anthropology.

Work in linguistics—Dr A. 8. Gatschet continued the extrac- tion of voeables and grammatic elements of the Shawnee lan- guage from the material collected by him in 1892 and 1893. The systematically arranged material is now inscribed on somewhat over two thousand cards, mm condition for ready examination or publication. Several vocabularies and gram- mars submitted to the Bureau during the month were also examined.

Mr J. Owen Dorsey completed the arrangement of the Win- nebago texts with interlinear translations early in the month. These texts, collected during the present fiscal year from Philip Longtail, have proved a rich source of information relating to language, customs, and beliefs of the tribe to which they per- tain. The later portion of the month was spent in preparing an introduction to the synonymy of the Siouan family and to the study of the connection between onomatology and mythology as exemplified in the Siouan languages. In both these directions satisfactory progress was made.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt spent a considerable part of the month in the study of the relations of the Lutuamian language for the immediate use of the Director. This study affords an important basis for the classification of linguistic stocks of northwestern United States. It has been conducted with zeal and success.

Work in bibliography—Myr James C. Pilling has continued the revision of the proofs of the Wakashan bibliography, which is now substantially completed. Meantime he has gone on with the preparation of material for the Shahaptian bibliography, now nearly ready for the press. The completion of this work is delayed by some uncertainty concerning the relations of certain northwestern languages, upon which Mr Hewitt has been at work; but while this delay affects the issue of the

LVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Shahaptian bibliography it does not retard the bibliographic work in general, for the study of literature and the collection of titles relating to other western stocks receive constant attention. A large number of titles relating to the languages of Mexico have recently been brought together.

Publications—The Tenth Annual Repert has passed through the folding room and the Twelfth is going through the press, while the Eleventh will at once follow. The Thirteenth Re- port is in the printer’s hands and proofs are daily expected. The bulletin on the Pamunkey Indians by John Garland Pol- lard has been distributed. The revision of the proofs of Dr Thomas’ bulletin on The Maya Year has been completed and the work has been ordered stereotyped. Mr Piling’s Bibliog- raphy of the Wakashan Languages has been revised, and most of the matter is stereotyped. Three signatures of the bul- letin on Chinook Texts by Dr Franz Boas are in pages, and both page and galley proofs are passing rapidly through the hands of the author and through this office. Proofs of the bulletin by Professor Holmes on “An Aboriginal Quarry in Indian Territory” are daily expected. Two bulletins, respec- tively by Mr James Mooney on “‘Siouan Tribes of the East” and Mr Gerard Fowke on ‘“Archeologic Investigations in James and Potomac Valleys,” have been prepared during the month and will be transmitted for printing so soon as the illus- trations have been completed.

OPERATIONS DURING APRIL

The field work of the month has been limited to that carried forward by Mr Cosmos Mindeleff in the Pueblo country, and restricted operations in Virginia by the Ethnologist in Charge, Professor W. H. Holmes, and Mr William Dinwiddie; with these exceptions, the operations represent work conducted in the office.

Work in sign language—Colonel Garrick Mallery has made satisfactory progress in the preparation of his monograph on gesture signs and signals. A number of the requisite draw- ings have been executed and a portion of the text has been made ready for the printer.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LIX

Work in Indian hieroglyphs—Dr Cyrus Thomas has con- tinued his researches relating to the Maya hieroglyphs. During the month he brought to substantial completion the text of the bulletin relating to the day names and symbols of the Maya calendar; at the same time he supervised the execution of the requisite illustrations. Among the interesting questions con-

fe)

nected with the Maya calendar is the origin and significance of the hieroglyphs used as symbols for days. Some of these have already been interpreted by Brinton, Seler, and others, and it has been inferred from these interpretations that the entire system of symbols represents a system of mythologic concepts; so that the calendric inscriptions not only comprise chronologies akin to those of the plains Indians, but also embody records of the beliefs of the writers. Dr Thomas has been able to confirm some of the conclusions reached by other investigators and to correct others.

Work in eastern archeology—Protessor W. H. Holmes has completed the preparation of his monographs on fictile ware and stone art. Both of these works are substantially com- pleted as to text and illustrations. During the month a large number of objects previously collected have been examined, and the results of the examination are incorporated in the report. A few additional trips by Professor Holmes and Mr Dinwiddie were made to the Clifton soapstone quarry for the purpose of completing the collections of material from this point, and some of this material has been used as subjects of discussion and illustration in Professor Holmes’ monographs. In addition, the Ethnologist in Charge and Professor Holmes repaired to the Pass creek site, near Luray, Virginia, for the purpose of collecting additional data relating to the stone art products in the large mound on this site. A considerable addi- tional collection of stone work was found in the mound and vicinity; also an aboriginal cemetery was discovered in the plowed field, and a typical collection of mortuary pottery was made. The stone implements are of exceptional interest in that the turtleback forms are rejects from the manufacture of celts—the rejects hitherto studied by Professor Holmes repre- sent predominantly or exclusively the manufacture of narrow,

LX REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

pointed objects, such as spearpoints or arrowheads. The col- lections at Pass creek prove rich, and several of the objects have already been drawn for incorporation in Professor Holmes’ report. The geologic relations of the material used in the manufacture of the implements are also of exceptional interest, and were worked out in detail.

Work in western archeology—Mr Cosmos Mindeleff has con- tinued operations in New Mexico. By reason of the approach- ing exhaustion of his allotment, the exploratory operations were somewhat curtailed and the elaboration of notes and diagrams proportionately extended.

Mr Mindeleff finds the Pueblo country overrun by specula- tors in primitive pottery and other relics, which are collected and sold as products of Aztec art. The operations of these speculators are ruinous; the material is collected without ade- quate study of association, so that its value as a record of aboriginal conditions is largely lost; and in addition the meth- ods employed are destructive of all material except that of portable character and commercial value. Mr Mindeleff making every attempt to forestall these destructive operations; and to enable him to do so advantageously he is continued in the field at some sacrifice in efficiency of work on reports and illustrations.

Work in synonymy—Mr F. W. Hodge has continued work on the synonymy of the southwestern families and tribes in addi- tion to the routine work of the library, and in both directions his work has been eminently satisfactory. The preparation of the synonymy involves extended literary research, and prog- ress is necessarily slow; but the collection of data has now reached such a condition as easily to permit preparation for the press, and it is planned to beein publication as soon as practicable in bulletin form by linguistic stocks.

Mr James Mooney completed the preparation of his bulletin on the “Siouan Tribes of the East,” and this work will be for- warded for publication so soon as the map required for its illustration is completed. Since the completion of this manu- script, Mr Mooney has been engaged on the final chapters of his report on the “ Ghost-dance Religion,” which is approaching completion.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXI

Work in mythology—Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing has con- tinued the preparation of a memoir on the arrow games of America, and Mr Stewart Culin, who has shared and supple- mented Mr Cushing’s work by researches relating chiefly to divinatory games in other countries and comparative studies in primitive gaming in all countries, has completed his contri- bution to the subject. The researches of Messrs Cushing and Culin have brought to light many significant facts bearing on the usages, beliefs, and ethnic relations of early peoples.

Mrs Matilda C. Stevenson has continued the preparation of her report on the Zuni.

Work in linguistics—Mr J. Owen Dorsey divided the month between (1) recording on dictionary slips the words of the Winnebago texts recorded last year, and (2) the extension of the phonetic alphabet required for the utterance of primitive languages. In the former work good progress was made; and in the latter, thanks to the aid furnished by the venerable Archdeacon John Joseph Nouri, of the Eastern Church under the Chaldean Patriarch of Babylon, excellent progress also was made.

Dr A. 8. Gatschet continued the extraction of Shawnee vocables and grammatic elements; in addition, he gave some time to perfecting the Peoria, to making additions to the com- parative vocabulary of the Algonquian languages, and to the study of the Mexican material recently collected by Dr Carl Lumnholtz.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt continued general linguistic studies relating to the northwestern families, and in addition made, in connection with Dr Gatschet, critical examination of the Lum- holtz Mexican material and transcribed a considerable part of the Tarahumari vocabulary, with a view to publication. The material collected by Lumholtz is of great interest, since sev- eral of the tribes examined yet retain the primitive condition in many respects, the language in particular being hardly modified through the advent of white men. In one case his linguistic material represents a decadent dialect, only three or four individuals remaining who are familiar with it.

Work in bibliography—Mr James C. Pilling has continued the preparation of material for the Shahaptian bibliography,

LXII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

which would be ready for the press were it not deemed well to withhold it for possible modification, growing out of a change in classification of the northwestern families. Meantime he has made good progress in the collection and arrangement of the elaborate material for bibliographies of the Mexican fam- ilies. During the month the revision of page proofs of the Wakashan bibliography was completed, and that document has been stereotyped and sent to the press.

Publications—Vhe Tenth Annual Report is in the bindery; the Twelfth, including its illustrations, has been printed and is now in the folding room; the Eleventh is on the press. Proofs of the process illustrations of the Thirteenth Report have been received and galley proofs of the text are daily expected. The bulletin on ‘The Maya Year” by Dr Cyrus Thomas has been delivered and the distribution is under way. Mr Pilling’s Bib- liography of the Wakashan Languages has been ordered on the press. The bulletin on ‘Chinook Texts” by Dr Franz Boas is passing through the printer’s hands somewhat slowly by reason of the highly technical character of the composition and the limited type available for it, and by reason of the fact that the author finds it necessary to revise two proofs at his present residence in Chicago. Proofs of the illustrations of Professor Holmes’ bulletin on “An Aboriginal Quarry in Indian Verritory” have been received, and the text will doubtless follow in atew days. The bulletins by Messrs Mooney and Fowke are in the hands of the artist for the final arrangement of illustrations.

OPERATIONS DURING MAY

As during preceding months the chief work has been con- fined to the office, field operations being limited to the surveys by Mr Cosmos Mindeleff in the Pueblo country, together with a single field trip by the Ethnologist in Charge.

Work in sign language—-Colonel Garrick Mallery has con- tinued the preparation of his monograph on ‘Gesture Signs and Signals,” which is now well advanced. In the progress of the work various significant points are brought out, which will be duly elaborated in the final report Among recent results may

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LX1I

be mentioned a body of evidence tending to explain the sup- posed community of sign language not only among very dis- tinct tribes, but among primitive peoples of widely diverse nationalities. The recent comparison of facts indicates that the ready interchange of ideas by gestures among primitive peoples is simply the outcome of sense training in a certain direction, and that the apparent mystery in the interchange is due only to the fact that the cultured observers to whom it appeals lack this particular sense training. This and other problems connected with sign language are receiving close attention from Colonel Mallery.

Work in Indian hieroglyphs—Dr Thomas continued his researches relating to the Maya symbols and other Mexican and Central American hieroglyphs. His bulletin on this sub- ject is completed in accordance with the initial plan, but is withheld pending the settlement ef certain philologic ques- tions suggested in the course of the inquiry. The researches in hieroglyphs are of peculiar difficulty, but Dr Thomas has made satisfactory progress during the month.

Work in eastern archeology—During the month Professor W. H. Holmes terminated his work in this Bureau and repaired to Chicago to assume charge of the department of anthropol- ogy in the Field Columbian Museum, his resignation taking effect with the close of the month. Before departing he turned in the manuscripts and illustrations for two monographs—one on fictile ware, the other on stone art.

Work in western archeology—Mr Cosmos Mindeleff has con- tinued operations in New Mexico, though by reason of the exhaustion of his allotment the work has been less extensive than during the earlier months. Satisfactory progress has been made in the preparation of maps, plans, and other manuscripts.

Work in synonymy—Mr F. W. Hodge has continued the preparation of manuscript for the synonymy of the south- western tribes. During the month advantage was taken of the presence in Washington of Dr Carl Lumbholtz, who has spent some seasons among the tribes of Chihuahua, Mexico, and much valuable information regarding the Tarahumari and

LXIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Tepehuani Indians and their settlements was obtained from him for use in the synonymy of the Piman stock. Meantime Mr Hodge continued the administration of the library, and reports valuable additions by gift and exchange.

Mr James Mooney has continued work on the synonymy, and has also nearly brought to completion his memoir on the Messiah religion and the Ghost dance, which it is proposed to incorporate in the Fourteenth Annual Report. During the month the map required to illustrate his bulletin on the eastern Siouan tribes has been completed, and the data will be for- warded for publication within a few days.

Work in mythology—My Frank Hamilton © ‘ushing has been employed on his memoir relating to primitive arrow games. Some time was spent also by him, with the assistance of Mr Wilham Dinwiddie, in arranging figures and groups and other materials in the National Museum, and in making photographs of the most significant of these for the Museum collection.

Mrs Matilda C. Stevenson has made satisfactory progress on her memoir relating to the Zuni, and it is expected that this elaborate report w ill within a few months be ready for the press.

Work in linguistics—Mr J. Owen Dorsey ¢ ompleted the prep- aration of the index to volume 1x of the Contributions to North American Ethnology, and also made a critical examination of a paper by Dr Thomas concerning supposed loan words from Polynesian languages, found among the Indians of Mexico and southwestern United States. His chief work, however, was that on the Winnebago dictionary, already noted. A large number of dictionary slips, with notes, grammatic elements, and free English translations, were prepared.

Dr A. S. Gatschet was employed chiefly in the extension of his Shawnee dictionary and in extracting grammatic elements from the 750 manuscript pages of text and other material relat- ing to this language. Meantime material additions were made to his comparative Algonquian vocabulary. He, too, made an examination of the linguistic material sent im by Dr Thomas.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt spent the first half of the month in trans- literating the Tarahumari material collected by Dr Carl Lum- holtz, part of the time with the assistance of the collector.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXV

Although satisfactory progress was made, this body of linguistic material is not yet ready for the press. The later portion of the month was spent in critical study of the comparative list of Maya and Polynesian words sent in by Dr Thomas. The results of the examination were put together in an elaborate report, which, though not designed for publication, will greatly facilitate dealing with related questions by the collaborators of the Bureau in the future.

Work in bibliography—Mr James C. Pilling practically brought to completion his Shahaptian bibliograpl-y and spent a portion of the month in the extraction of title cards from the recently published Wakashan bibliography. The greater part of the month, however, was spent in collecting titles relating to the languages of extreme southwestern United States and Mexico.

Publications—During the month the Tenth Annual Report has been delivered from the Government bindery and the dis- tribution is well under way. The Eleventh and Twelfth reports are in the bindery; galley proofs of nearly half of the Thirteenth Annual Report have been received and_ revised. The Bibliography of the Wakashan Languages has been delivered and distribution is in progress. The bulletin on “Chinook Texts” by Dr Boas is still passing through the prin- ter’s hands. Galley proofs of Professor Holmes’ bulletin on “An Aboriginal Quarry in Indian Territory” have been re- ceived and are undergoing revision. The illustrations for the bulletins by Messrs Mooney and Fowke have been completed and they will shortly be sent forward for publication. Pro- vision has been made for publishing a bulletin by Dr Boas on the physical characteristics of the Siouan peoples, the text of which, however, has not yet been received.

OPERATIONS DURING JUNE

The work has been confined chiefly to the office, field operations being limited to the surveys by Mr Cosmos Mindeleff in the Pueblo country.

Work in sign language—Colonel Garrick Mallery has been occupied throughout the month in comparative study and writing on gesture signs and signals.

15 ETH Vv

LXVI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

The recent publication of Colonel Mallery’s monograph on pictography in the Tenth Annual Report has stimulated interest in the general subject of picture writing and sign language, and many inquiries and suggestions in regard to the subject are received through correspondence. This fact is at once a gratifying indication of the interest felt in the subject by the people of the country and an incentive to the author to complete at the earliest possible date the monograph on which he is now engaged.

Work in Indian hieroglyphs—Dr Cyrus Thomas has con- tinued researches relating to the symbols used in the codices and other inscriptions of the Maya and related peoples. The month was occupied in comparative studies of calendrie and other terms of southwestern America, a bulletin on this subject being practically ready for publication and withheld only for the purpose of verifying certain provisional conclusions.

Work in eastern archeology—Vhe work on this subject during the month was limited to the preparation of illustrations for some of Professor Holmes’ reports by photographing groups at Piny branch, which work Mr F. H. Cushing kindly super- vised, Mr William Dinwiddie assisting.

Work in western archeology—Mr Cosmos Mindelett has con- tinued surveys and the collection of objective material -in the Pueblo country. During the month he examined a number of ruins in the valley of San Juan river, finding all of the types so abundantly represented on the Rio Verde (described in his report on that district in the Thirteenth Annual, and termed ‘“bowlder-marked sites”). ‘Though commonly small, some of the ruims are extensive; all are located with reference to adja- cent areas of tillable land, and none are defensive. The ruins are usually found on low, irregular terraces, skirting the river chiefly on the northern side, where the conditions are more favorable to irrigation. Most of the ruins are now marked only by heaps of the water-worn bowlders, sometimes showing wall lines, but generally lying in confused heaps, often dis- turbed by prospectors and relic hunters. Here and there definite structures remain; in one of these Mr Mindelett was surprised to find masonry constructed of tabular sandstones, an anomalous phenomenon requiring further study.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXVII

Mr Mindeleff concludes from his researches of the year that the first settlements in the region are marked by the bowlder- marked sites; that these were followed by small settlements and easily defended sites, accompanied by cliff dwellings, cavate lodges, etc; and that larger settlements were subse- quently formed and valley sites located, not defensible as regards site, though the structures were defensive. ‘These conclusions are in harmony with those deduced from the struc- tures of Canyon de Chelly, where, however, the sequence is more complete. Detailed information concerning the different types of structure is reported by Mr Mindeleff.

Work in synonymy—Mr F. W. Hodge has continued work on the descriptions and synonymy of the southwestern tribes for corporation in the cyclopedia, the chief work during the pres- eut month being the amplification of the Piman synonymy, He has remained in charge of the library, and, in addition, spent a part of the month in revising proofs of the Thirteenth Annual Report and of Professor Holmes’ bulletin on “An Ancient Quarry in Indian Territory.”

Mr James Mooney has brought to completion his memoir on “The Ghost-dance Religion,” which is incorporated in the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau. Meantime he has continued the arrangement of the material for the synonymy of the eastern Siouan tribes. His bulletin on these tribes was reexamined during the month and is forwarded herewith for publication.

Work in mythology—Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing spent a portion of the month in revising his memoir on primitive arrow games, to which reference has been made in previous monthly reports. Some time was spent also in revising and supple- menting his paper on ‘Zuni Creation Myths” now in press as part of the Thirteenth Annual Report. In addition, he was occupied for some days in the arrangement of figures and groups in the National Museum.

Mrs Matilda C. Stevenson has continued the preparation of her monograph on Zuni ceremonials, making satisfactory progress therein.

Work in linguistics—Mr J. Owen Dorsey continued work on the Winnebago dictionary, together with the notes to his large

LXVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

collection of Winnebago texts and the free English translation of the texts, making satisfactory progress. In addition, he prepared a list of ethnologie manuscripts relating to Indian languages, including a considerable part of the linguistic mate- rial in the archives of the Bureau.

Dr ALS. Gatschet continued the preparation of the Shawnee dictionary, giving especial attention to comparisons between this dialect and forty or fifty other dialects of the Algonquian. He calls attention to the astonishing multiplicity of the Algon- quian dialectal forms and points out that, while the linguistic stock rests on a purely nominal basis morphologically, the dia- lectic diversification is great. Other interesting features of these languages have received attention.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt continued the transliteration of Tarahu- mari and Tubari material collected by Dr Carl Lumholtz, with a view to publication, at least of the latter, in bulletin form,

Work in bibliography—Mr James C. Pilling spent the month in arranging material for bibliographies of the southwestern languages in and contiguous to Mexico. The alphabetic arrangement of the material has now progressed to the end of the letter R, the notes and collations having been made as complete as possible with the information at hand. He ex- presses acknowledgment to Bishop Hurst, whose rich library contains much material collected by missionaries and others relating to the Indian languages.

Pi Wlications 06 Eleventh and Twelfth Annual reports are still in the bindery, but well advanced, and the editions are looked for daily; nearly a third of the Thirteenth An- nual is in pages; the material for the Fourteenth Annual is ready and only awaits the passage by the Senate of the con- current resolution authorizing publication, this resolution hav- ing already passed the House. Material for the Fifteenth Annual is in hand and practically ready for the press when- ever publication is authorized. Dr Boas’ voluminous bulletin on “Chinook Texts” is still passing through the printer’s hands, 96 pages being stereotyped. The proofs of text and plates of Professor Holmes’ bulletin on an abc wiginal quarry have been approved and ordered stereotyped de printed. Bulletins by Messrs Mooney and Fowke have been sent forward and recom- mended for publication. Volume 1x of the Contributions to

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXNIX

North American Ethnology, comprising Riggs’ Dakota Gram- mar, Texts and Ethnography,” has been completed by the preparation of the index, and the document is now on the press.

SUMMARY REPORT

CLASSIFICATION OF THE WORK

As set forth on an earlier page, five primary lines of research relating to the collective or demotic characteristics of the American aborigines are pursued in the Bureau. These lines, with the corresponding branches of knowledge, comprise (1) arts, or esthetology; (2) industries, or technology; (3) institu- tions, or sociology; (4) forms of expression, or linguistics; and (5) opinions and beliefs, or sophiology.. In addition, two primary lines of research relating to the aborigines considered as organisms are recognized, viz, somatology and psychology. Each of these seven lines of research is of such extent and importance as to form the basis for a distinct science ; and each comprises a number of principal branches, any one of which is sutticiently extended to form an important specialty. Since there are only about a dozen scientific collaborators in the Bureau, it follows that there are more specialties than collabo- rators; and it has been found necessary to select those special lines of research which seemed of most importance, and to assign them to the collaborators best equipped for carrying them forward. Sometimes, on the other hand, it has been found desirable temporarily to combine two or more primary lines of investigation in the assignment of a single collabo-

- rator, for the purpose of utilizing opportunity—e. @., to obtain general information at a minimum cost or to procure data con- cerning a disappearing tribe. To meet these practical condi- tions, a somewhat arbitrary classification of the work has been adopted and has varied from time to time. During the year the researches have related chiefly to (1) archeology; (2) de- scriptive ethnology; (3) sociology; (4) pictography and sign language; (5) general linguistics; (6) mythology, or sophiol- ogy; (7) psychology, and (8) bibliography.

Classified by method, the operations of the Bureau com- prise (1) field work, including exploration; (2) office researches,

LXX REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

and (3) publication, together with the requisite administrative work and ancillary operations.

EXPLORATION

The most extended exploratory work of the year was that of Mr Cosmos Mindeleff in connection with archeologie sur- veys in the Pueblo country of New Mexico and Arizona. He left Washington early in July, 1893, and, outfitting at Hol- brook, proceeded to the Hopi villages of Tusayan, and toward the end of August to the valley of the Little Colorado, which he explored im some detail. Contrary to expectations, this region was found to be poor in relics of the aborigines; only a few small and unimportant ruins are scattered over the valley, and the sites were apparently occupied for short peri- ods only. It is noteworthy that, according to Hopi tradition, it was along a valley tributary to the Little Colorado that the large timbers used in the construction of the Spanish churches and mission buildings prior to 1680 were transported on the backs of Indians from San Francisco mountains, nearly 100 miles away; and this tradition appears to find corroboration in Mr Mindeleft’s observation of a party of Tusayan Indians transporting poles from the foot-hills of the same mountains over the same route by the use of burros. The reason for the dearth of ruins gradually became apparent as the explorations were continued; the topography about the Little Colorado and the character of the stream itself are such that its waters could not be controlled for purposes of irrigation by any means at the command of ancient pueblo builders; even mod- ern engineering skill has thus far failed to control the stream, although many efforts in this direction have been made.

Only at intervals are there floodplain lands suitable for primitive cultivation and within easy reach of irrigation de- vices, and in such places ruins are usually found. This is notably the case near the old Sunset crossing, where, perched on the hills overlooking the floodplain, can be seen the ruins of ten or more villages, the largest of which would have accom- modated a population of 200. The ground plan of this vil- lage shows a number of rectangular rooms, the whole bearing

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXXxI

a strong resemblance to the plan of ruins found near the Tu- sayan villages. ‘Tradition recites that this village (or possibly a neighboring one) was called Homolobi, and was occupied by the Water clan, the last to reach Tusayan. ‘The indica- tions are that the period of occupancy was short.

Mr Mindeleff found the river at Mormon crossing, or ‘‘The Crossing of the Fathers,” too high for fording, and his party proceeded with difficulty along the northern bank to the old Sunset crossing near Winslow. After fording at this point, the party proceeded to Verde, crossing the Mogollon mountains by way of Sunset and Chaves passes. At Verde an old field outfit was taken up, and the party returned by way of Flagstaff, reaching Little Colorado river at the mouth of San Francisco wash. ‘This region was formerly a favorite hunting ground of the Tusayan, large parties leaving the villages to hunt antelope and other game so recently as ten years ago; but the game has nearly disappeared, and the annual hunting parties of fhe Tusa- yan Indians are now but a memory. From ¢ San Francisco wash the party followed the southern branch of the river to Winslow, and the northern side thence to Holbrook.

Leaving Holbrook early in October, Mr Mindeleff proceeded northward toward Canyon de Chelly. Advantage was taken of the opportunity to examine the locality of a supposed ruin some 35 miles north of Holbrook, concerning which rumors have been current for several years, and the supposed ruin was found to be a natural dike rising from the summit of a low hill as a wall of black basalt over 100 feet long, generally less than 2 feet thick, and sometimes 18 feet high. Near its western end the remains of a habitation consisting of one or two rooms was found, the ground being strewn with poisherds. So striking is this dike that the Navaho guide insisted, even when standing before it, that it is artificial; yet examination leaves no doubt as to its real character. Canyon de Chelly was reached about the middle of October, and detailed examination of its cliff ruins was begun at once and continued nearly to the end of December. More than sixty ruins were examined, eround plans of many of them were made and a large series of photo- graphs were taken. The results of this interesting survey will be incorporated in the Sixteenth Annual Report.

LXXII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Leaving Canyon de Chelly in December, the party proceeded by way of Pueblo Colorado, and Fort Defiance to San Juan river, where it was planned to winter. In crossing Tunicha mountains a snowstorm of unprecedented severity for the season was encountered, and the party missed the trail and for a time were lost; among other accidents a wagon was over- turned in such manner that Mr Mindeleff was caught beneath it and his shoulder dislocated, whereby he was disabled for some months. Fortunately the expedition was rescued by a party of ranchmen from Fort Defiance, organized for the purpose when the severity of the storm was realized. The success of the expedition and even the preservation of the lives of its members must be ascribed largely to the humanity which in- spired the rescue party and the energy with which they pushed into the mountains, rendered almost impassable by the snow and wind. The expedition reached San Juan river a few days later, and soon afterward disbanded.

When able to resume work Mr Mindeleff began a reconnois- sance of San Juan valley, not completed at the end of the fiscal year. ‘This district was found rich in ruins, mainly of a type resembling the oldest ruins in Canyon de Chelly. San Juan valley is terraced, and the river itself is a swift mountain stream, and conditions are thus favorable for irrigation by primitive as well as by civilized men. The detailed surveys here were accordingly extended, and resulted in substantial contributions to the archeology of southwestern United States.

Mr James Mooney spent some months, beginning with July, on the iowa reservation in Indian Territory, and subsequently visited the Arapaho and Cheyenne Indians for the purpose of collecting information concerning habits and customs as well as beliefs and languages. He was provided with a graphophone, by means of which he was able to record a number of aborig- inal songs, both with and without instrumental accompaniments, and in single voice effects as well as in chorus. Altogether he spent five months in field work, of which part was exploratory.

Colonel Garrick Mallery spent the greater part of the month of September among the Indians of northern Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota for the purpose of verifying and cor- recting notes obtained through correspondence.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXXIII

Dr W. J. Hoffman spent July and August and a portion of September among the Ottawa Indians near Petoskey, Michi- gan, the Ojibwa Indians at La Pointe reservation, Wisconsin, and the Menomini Indians at Keshena in the same state, and among the several tribes information pertaining to customs and beliefs was obtained.

Mr J. Owen Dorsey spent the month of January, 1894, on the Kwapa reservation in Indian Territory, investigating the social organization of the tribe and recording their myths and traditions.

During the earlier part of the year the Director took advan- tage of opportunities growing out of work in connection with the Geological Survey on the Pacific Coast to visit several Indian tribes and to continue his researches relating to their habits, myths, and languages.

ARCHEOLOGY

Professor W. H. Holmes was occupied throughout the year in archeologic researches, chiefly in eastern United States The first half of July was spent in organizing the work of the year, and later he proceeded to different points in Delaware valley for the purpose of continuing studies of ancient quar- ries and quarry shops. A new quarry shop was discovered on Delaware river, 15 miles above Trenton, yielding rejects cor- responding precisely with the objects so abundantly found in the gravels on which the city of Trenton is built, and which were formerly classed as paleoliths. Subsequently he visited a number of interesting localities in Ohio, giving especial attention to the gravels at Newcomerstown, in or apparently in which an artificially shaped stone has been found, this being the only case now strongly held to indicate the existence of man during the Glacial period in this country.

In October he visited an island in Potomae river, near Point of Rocks, flooded by a recent freshet in such manner as to lay bare an ancient village and aboriginal workshop. This workshop proved of considerable interest in that here ummis- takable indication was found for the first time that blocks of stone were used as anvils in the production of certain classes of stone implements and weapons.

LXXIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

During February Professor Holmes directed the exploration, by Mr William Dinwiddie, of an aboriginal steatite quarry near Clifton, Virginia. This quarry was found especially instruct- ive by reason of its large size, the great number of partly completed utensils found within the opening and in the neigh- boring dump heap, and the excellence of its preservation.

In April Professor Holmes, accompanied by Mr McGee, Ethnologist in Charge, repaired to an interesting site near the mouth of Pass creek, not far from Luray, Virginia, for the pur- pose of collecting additional data relating to a noteworthy series of stone art products, to which attention was called during the preceding fiscal year by Mr Gerard Fowke.

A considerable additional collection was made and an abo- riginal cemetery, from which a typical collection of mortuary pottery was taken, was discovered in a neighboring’ field. The stone art products in this locality are of exceptional inter- est, as the “turtleback” forms are rejects from the manufacture of celts. The rejects hitherto studied by Professor Holmes represent, exclusively or predominantly, narrow-pointed instru- ments, such as spearpoints or arrowheads, while those found at the mouth of Pass creek represent predominantly the manu- facture of broad and thin pointed objects. A sufficiently com- plete series of rejects and nearly completed forms to illustrate all stages in manufacturing was brought together.

Mr McGee extended the observations from this locality up Pass creek with the purpose of discovering the original source of the pebbles and cobbles used by the primitive artisans, and was rewarded by finding, well toward the headwaters of the stream, a large mass of intrusive rock, from which the pebbles were originally derived. This part of the study also proved of exceptional interest, as it indicated the delicacy with which the Indian manufacturer adjusted himself to his environment; in situ the rock is too massive and obdurate for working by primitive methods; in the upper reaches of the stream the bowlders derived from parent ledges are too large for reduc- tion without the use of metal; below the confluence of Pass creek with the Hawksbill the pebbles are too small and too

>

scant for profitable working; while just above the confluence,

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXXV

at the site discovered by Mr Fowke, the pebbles are at the same time of suitable size and sufficiently abundant for easy working by primitive methods—in short, the best and, indeed, the only feasible site for the aboriginal factory was that selected for the purpose. The material is a peculiarly tough and strong erystalline rock, which flakes fairly well and is at the same time adapted to battering and grinding.

During the first three months of the year Mr Gerard Fowke was oc cupied, under Professor Holmes’ general instructions, but under the immediate direction of the Ethnologist in Charge, in making collections from the little-known but highly inter-

esting interior shell mounds in the valley of Tennessee river. This ee yielded excellent results, particularly in the form of material collected for the enrichment of the National Museum. The collections were duly cleaned, prepared, and tabulated, and transferred to the Museum by Mr Henry Walther.

Mr William Dinwiddie, under Professor Holmes’ immediate direction, spent the greater part of the months of July, August, and September in archeologic reconnoissance along the shores and tributaries of Chesapeake bay with the object of demarking more exactly by art products the territory belonging respec- tively to the different peoples. His work also yielded abun- dant collections for the enrichment of the department of arche- ology of the National Museum for the benefit of contemporary and future students.

During February and March, as already noted, Mr Dinwid- die was occupied in investigating the aboriginal steatite quarry at Clifton. The quarry was cleared and its walls and floors were found to yield numerous and characteristic traces of primitive workmanship; a rich collection of broken and_par- tially finished utensils was made; a good series of photographs, showing with unprecedented accuracy the details of the quar- rying and manufacturing operations, was taken; a number of the tools used in the work were found, while the entire collec- tion has been brought together for study and preservation in the National Museum. The general results of the investiga- tion of this quarry have been incorporated in the aecompany- ing paper by Professor Holmes.

LXXVI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

The results of the work by Mr Cosmos Mindeleff in New Mexico and Arizona are of much importance. The examina- tion of over sixty ruins in Canyon de Chelly verifies the con- clusion previously reached by the same investigator that the cliff dwellings here were primarily farming outlooks, and that the home villages were commonly located on wholly indefen- sible sites on the canyon bottoms. It was found that the ruins are divisible into several groups, apparently representing a chronologic sequence. In the latter ruins highly suggestive details are found illustrating the gradual assimilation of intro- duced or‘accultural ideas. Among other results there was obtained a series of drawings and photographs showing the development of chimney structure from the first crude attempts to imitate a form known only from casual observation and description to a more finished structure, though the most finished product was far from perfect, while the first attempts were exceedingly crude. Mr Mindeleff was led to conclude that the foreign ideas exemplified in the chimneys and other structures were introduced in the architecture of Canyon de Chelly at a late period of the occupancy of the territory, prob- ably only a few decades before its abandonment. Other details, such as the constructive use of adobe, were traced through the various stages of development in the same way; and some ruins were found in which the old and the new ideas find expression side by side in such manner as to indicate that the village was occupied before the introduction of the foreign ideas, and that the occupancy continued until after the ideas were definitely crystallized.

One interesting group or series of ancient ruins was found, which had apparently been overlooked by previous visitors. They occur in the upper part of the canyon and are nearly obliterated. The structures were always located on sites deter- mined wholly by agricultural necessity and methods without reference to defensive ends. Mr Mindeleff is of opinion that these are the oldest ruins in the canyon, belonging to the ini- tial period of occupancy, which extended over many decades. Close attention was given also to a number of large ruins situated in the canyon bottom without reference to defense,

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXXVII

also overlooked by previous explorers. These differ from the preceding type and are in some respects the most important ruins of the canyon. They apparently represent the home pueblos occupied contemporaneously with the cliff dwellings, and bore the same relation to the latter that Zuni bears to Nutria, Peseado, and Ojo Caliente, or that Oraibi bears to Moenkapi. The cliff dwellings were apparently occupied as a rule only during the summer months, the occupants resort- ing to the pueblos during the winter Thus the cliff dwellings appear to represent a phase rather than a chronologic epoch in the history of the pueblo builders.

Although the researches are not yet « ompleted, Mr Mindeleff is of opinion that while some of the ruins may be pre-Colum- bian, others were undoubtedly occupied in the seventeenth century, and that the occupancy was probably continuous as regards the district, though probably not continous as regards particular tribes or subtribes. A general result of the study was the classification of the various types of ruins, in a chron- ologic order, in such manner that the history of the canyon from the earliest occupancy up to the recent advent of English- speaking settlers is clearly indicated. In combining the data acquired in Canyon de Chelly with those obtained from Rio Verde during previous years, Mr Mindeleff finds reason for the conclusion alae the ruins of the former district represent the first settlements in the San Juan country, and that further developments will be found in the tributary valleys, and also that the large communal buildings on the tributaries of the San Juan, representing the highest architectural art attained by the pueblo builders, will prove to be the ultimate form of the primitive village of this district.

During the year Dr Cyrus Thomas completed the revision of proofs of text and illustrations of his ‘“‘Report on Mound Explorations,” and the work was put through the press as the body of the Twelfth Annual Report. The document comprises much information relating to the Indian mounds of the Missis- sippi valley and eastern United States, and it seems reasonable to hope that the monograph may come to be regarded as a standard source of information on the subject. Subsequently

LXXVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Dr Thomas gave special attention to the hieroglyphs and codices of the Maya—the ancient inhabitants of Yucatan. One of the results of the work is the demonstration that the time system recorded in the Dresden codex is precisely the same as that mentioned by the early Spanish authors, except that the years begin with what are considered the last instead of the first of the four-year series. It is also shown that this brings the calendar of the Dresden codex into harmony with the calendars recorded at Palenque, Lorillard, and Tikal. A portion of the results of Dr Thomas’ work on this subject is published in one of the bulletins of the Bureau, a brochure of 64 pages, entitled ‘The Maya Year.” Other results are incor- porated in a memoir on the origin and significance of the calendric terms, which is not yet completed.

During the year Mr Hilborne T. Cresson, of Philadelphia, was occupied in archeologic researches, chiefly in Guatemala and eastern Mexico, under a provision of the De Laincel fund and under the general supervision of the Director of the Bureau. Some of the results of his interesting researches have been made public through various scientific journals

Specially noteworthy among the results of the archeologie work in the Bureau during the current year are the mono- graphs by Professor Holmes on ‘Ancient Pottery of Eastern United States” and “Stone Art of Eastern United States.” Both embrace the results of researches extending over many years; both are elaborately illustrated from material preserved in the National Museum; both represent the mature conclusions of an able and carefully trained archeologist. The classification and interpretation adopted by Professor Holmes are primarily indigenous, though his comparative studies have extended over the archeologic literature of the world, and it is believed that his conclusions will form a firm basis for those branches of arche- ology to which his work relates. To him science is indebted for a consistent method of interpreting primitive art products through study of the arts of primitive peoples cognate to those whose relics have come down to us from prehistoric times. It was with great regret that the Director accepted his resignation toward the end of the fiscal year, in order that he might trans- fer his labors to the Field Columbian Museum.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXXIX

DESCRIPTIVE ETHNOLOGY

An important line of work in the Bureau for some years past has been the collection and systematic arrangement of tribal names and characteristics, with brief description of the habits, customs, arts, beliefs, and institutions of the aborigines. The information thus collected has been recorded on cards under the head of Tribal Synonymy.

During the last year Mr F. W. Hodge devoted several months to the descriptive ethnology of several southwestern families, the Piman, Tanoan, Keresan, and Zunian stocks receiving chief attention. Advantage was taken of the pres- ence in Washington of Dr Carl Lumboltz, who has spent several seasons among the tribes of Chihuahua, to obtain val- uable information relating to the Tarahumari, Tepehuani, and Tubari Indians for use in the synonymy of the Piman stock. Mr Hodge’s literary research during the year will probably enable him to identify the obscurely recorded Jumano of the early Spanish explorers with the Comanche of more recent date. In connection with the condensed descriptions contained in the systematic work, Mr Hodge has made progress in the preparation of a biblography of the Pueblo Indians, designed to serve as a basis for further research concerning this inter- esting portion of our aboriginal population.

Mr J. Owen Dorsey made a number of important additions to the portion of the tribal synonymy relating to the Siouan tribes, and Mr James Mooney devoted some time to classifying and extending the material already obtained relating to the Cherokee Indians. Dr Albert S. Gatschet also made contri- butions to this work.

Although the collection of material for the general descriptive ethnology of the Tribal Synonymy of the American Indians was commenced some years since, and although a large body of information has been collected and arranged on cards for office use, publication has not yet been undertaken, partly by reason of the great volume of material, partly because the work is of such character as not soon to be completed, since each new investigation yields additional information; but

LXXX REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

within the last five years the records have been found so use- ful, and the demand for information contained therein so extensive, that a plan for publication has been formulated.

In accordance with this plan the material will be arranged by linguistic stocks and published in bulletin form in the order of completion, each bulletin comprising a stock. In addition to the usual pagination the bulletins devoted to the subject will be consecutively paged (at the bottom) for the series, and it is proposed to complete the series by a bulletin so arranged as to form at the same time an index to the whole and an abbre- viated dictionary of the tribal and other names used by the American Indians. In accordance with this plan the materials pertaining to a number of the stocks have been made ready for the press, with the exception of brief introductions which remain to be written.

During the first half of the fiscal year Dr W. J. Hoffman continued the investigation of the Menomini and _ related Indians in field and office and prepared an elaborate memoir, entitled ‘“‘The Menomini Indians,” which has been submitted for publication in the Fourteenth Annual Report. This tribe, located in northeastern Wisconsin, has long been known in a general way, but has received little scientific study. Dr Hoff- man’s memoir embraces a history of the tribe from its dis- covery by Nicollet in 1634 to the present day, including the several treaties made with the Federal Government; it includes also the genealogies of the two rival lines of hereditary chiefs, together with an exposition of the ceremonials of the several cult societies, and of the mythology, industries, arts, and man- ufactures of the tribe.

SOCIOLOGY

From time to time during the year the Director found oppor- tunity for collecting additional information relating to the insti- tutions of the American Indians and for the elaboration of material collected during previous years. Mr McGee also made progress in the arrangement of material pertaining to this sub- ject gathered by various collaborators. Mr James Mooney spent several months in the field collecting information rela- ting to the Kiowa, Caddo, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Indians,

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXXXI

of which a large part is sociologic. In addition, he prepared during the year a memoir on the ‘“‘Siouan Tribes of the East,” which has been sent to press as one of the series of bulletins of the Bureau. In this paper the relations and movements of the tribes recorded by early explorers and settlers of eastern United States are analyzed and, after comparative study for the purpose of combining the various consistent records and eliminating the uncertainties due to vague geographic and eth- nographic records, grouped as a consistent body of informa- tion relating to the aboriginal landholders of cisappalachian United States. The memoir represents much patient research among early maps and throughout the earliest literature of the United States. It is enriched by synonymy of the various tribes of the district, and incidentally considerable information relating to the organization and social institutions of these tribes is incorporated.

PICTOGRAPHY AND SIGN LANGUAGE

The earlier part of the year was spent by Colonel Garrick Mallery in revising the proofs of his monograph on ‘“ Picture-

writing of the American Indians,”

which has since been pub- lished in the Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau. Some years were devoted by Colonel Mallery to the collection of information on this subject and the subject of sign language and gesture speech among the aborigines, and this monograph represents the product of labors in the interesting line of research to which it appertains. By reason of the invasion of white men, many of the primitive customs of the Indians have been modified and some have been lost; and in few directions is the modification more complete than in that of inscribing records on rocks and other surfaces; and it has been the pur- pose to render this work as complete an exposition of the crude graphic art of the American Indian as it is possible to make at this time. It is believed that the work will be found praeti- cally exhaustive and a standard source of information. During the remaining portion of the year Colonel Mallery has been engaged in the preparation of a companion monograph on the sign language of the American Indians. The material for this 15 ErH— VI

LXXXIl REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

work is even more evanescent than that drawn on in the prep- aration of the preceding work; but the author’s studies have extended over many years and a large part of western Amer- ica, and he has been favored by rich contributions from corre- spondents of the office. The work is fully illustrated, as is necessary, since it is only by graphic presentation that definite ideas concerning the multiform gestures and motions used in primitive interchange of thought can be clearly expressed. The monograph is approaching completion.

LINGUISTICS

The languages of the American Indians have received a large share of the attention of the Bureau ever since its insti- tution. It has been the policy to collect texts and vocabularies and material for grammars as rapidly and extensively as pos- sible before the disappearance of the primitive languages. Only a small part of the material so collected has been pub- lished; but the vaults of the Bureau are rich in data pertain- ing to the languages of many tribes representing most of the linguistic stocks of the American Indians. Perhaps on no other continent is the linguistic diversity of the primitive peoples wider than in northern America, and the dialectic variability is eminently striking. The aboriginal languages of this continent accordingly give an admirable opportunity for the study of the facts and causes of linguistic development; and from the beginning it was deemed important to collect the largest possible body of material for examination and discus- sion in its bearing on the general subject. Carrying out the general policy, only subordinate attention has been given to publication, and publication has been made only in cases in which the material seemed especially typical or exceptionally complete. Thus, while the amount of linguistic material pub- lished is not voluminous, the manuscripts constantly accessible for purposes of study are abundant—richer, it is believed, than any other body of linguistic records of a primitive people.

Dr A. 8. Gatschet devoted the entire year to linguistic work. Early in the year he was employed in translating texts and in extracting lexic and grammatic elements of the Peoria and

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXXXIII

Shawnee languages, recorded by him during the preceding two years. This work gave abundant opportunities for comparing the two tongues with the forty or fifty other dialects of the Algonquian stock, and the interesting results of the comparison were embodied in a comparative vocabulary of the Algonquian languages. By this comparison the intimate relations between the dialects is strikingly shown, and at the same time the mul- tiplicity of forms into which the original tongues have been diversified has been brought out. Morphologically the Algon- quian tongue is built on a purely nominal basis, yet in the various dialects a wide variety of ideas are expressed with surprising perfection. In all the Algonquian dialects verbal roots combine with other verbal roots in a single word, giving a peculiar and forcible expression to the verbal form. The compounding of words is further extended by numerous adject- ival suffixes descriptive of quality, these suffixes indicating whether the noun qualified by such an adjective is an animate or inanimate subject, and showing whether complexion, size, age, or other qualities are to be determined. This method of adjectival suffixes extends also to the numerals, and in some dialects there are special suffixes to qualify numeral cardinals as determining animate or inanimate objects in the plural. Dr Gatschet’s recent studies have brought out the fact that the Algonquian languages of the western group (Arapaho, Chey- enne, and Siksika) differ considerably in their phonetics from the eastern dialects, these differences being especially shown in the nasalization found among the western representatives of the stock.

Mr J. Owen Dorsey spent the earlier part of the year in office work on the Biloxi language, completing its systematic arrangement for preservation and reference. He also revised the proofs of Contributions to North American Ethnology, volume 1x (Riges’ Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnogra- phy”), as well as his own memoir, entitled “A Study of Siouan Cults,” in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau. Both of these documents have now been published. The month of January was spent on the Kwapa reservation in Indian Terri- tory in investigating the social organization of the tribes and

LXXXIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

recording their myths and traditions in the form of texts. After his return from the field these texts were translated liter- ally, but the preparation of explanatory notes and free trans- lations was deferred. Some time was spent in the elaboration of a list of the characters required for recording the various sounds in the Siouan, Athapascan, and other linguistic families; in this work he had for a time the assistance of a skilled ori- ental linguist, Dr J. J. Nouri, from whom he obtained for com- parative purposes many of the peculiar sounds of the Semitic and other Eastern languages. Some time was spent also in the examination of supposed linguistic affinities between the Maya and Malay languages, and during the year he recorded in final form eight Winnebago texts, dictated by Philip Long- tail. Subsequently literal translations of these texts were made, and the preparation of explanatory notes and free English translations was begun and the lexic elements were extracted.

Mr J. N. B. Hewitt was occupied during the earlier part of the year m researches concerning the social relations recorded in the Iroquois language and the literature relating to the people. In the course of this work it was shown that the independence of the tribe in local affairs was little, if at all, curtailed by the confederation of the ‘Five Nations,” certain clans and gentes being privileged from the beginning of the historical leagues (for there were undoubtedly several) to nominate lord-chiefs and vice-chiets to the league councils. Subsequently Mr Hewitt made examination of the data for the classification of the Waiilatpuan and Shahaptian groups of languages. Despite the paucity of the linguistic material, he found that the groups display peculiarities apparently due rather to divergent growth than to original diversity, this being exceptionally true of the position of the attributing or predi- cating word in the word-sentences or compound stems. In the lexicon the Shahaptian dialects show specific superficial differences from the Waiilatpuan group, but nevertheless a large and important number of stems pertaining to the former, which have the same or cognate significance, accord substan- tially in sound or form with terms in the latter; there are,

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXXXV

moreover, in many of the dialects striking proofs of the effects of discordant linguistic growth. The general result of the study was to prove that the two groups of languages have had a common history in part; and this conclusion has been pro- visionally accepted in the classification of linguistic material in the Bureau vaults. Other important studies relating to the affinities of the aboriginal languages of northwestern America were successfully carried forward. Mr Hewitt also aided in the linguistic comparison of the Maya and Malayan terms collected by Dr Thomas. Some time was given also to the arrangement and transliteration of the Tubari material collected by Dr Carl Lumbholtz in Mexico, with a view to publication. This collection, although not large, is of a special interest, since it was obtained from the last three surviving representatives of the tribe who alone survive. During the last months of the year Mr Hewitt made a fruitful study of the so-called irregular or anomalous verb in the Tuskarora or Mohawk dialects.

In connection with his memoir on the Menomini Indians, already noted, Dr Hotiman compiled a considerable vocabulary representing the language of this tribe.

In addition to the Tubari material, in part transliterated by Mr Hewitt, Dr Carl Lumholtz turned over to the Bureau the vocabularies collected from the Tarahumari and Tepehuani tribes occupying the mountainous portions of the state of Chihuahua, in the Republic of Mexico. Several other valuable contributions to the linguistic material of the Bureau were made during the year. Among these may be mentioned a manuscript of more than a thousand pages, representing the vocabulary and grammar of the Nez Percé Indians of Idaho, collected by the late Miss 8. L. McBeth and kindly transmitted to the Bureau by her sister, Miss Kate C. McBeth.

MYTHOLOGY

The myths and cognate beliefs of the American aborigines are of exceptional interest, since they exemplify in many cases the influence of environment on the minds of the devotees, and in some cases, moreover, the myths indicate the migra-

LXXXVI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

tions of the peoples among whom they are found. Accord- ingly, the studies by Mrs Stevenson and Mr Cushing of the mythology of the Pueblo tribes, particularly that of the Zuni, are of utmost importance in American anthropology.

Having completed his work in arranging the exhibits of the Bureau of Ethnology at the World’s Fair, Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing returned to Washington and resumed researches in mythology about the middle of September. Almost continu- ously since that time he has, in conjunction with Mr Stewart Culin, of the University of Pennsylvania, whose attention has long been devoted to the games of the Orient, carried forward a study of the origin of aboriginal games, based on his intimate acquaintance with the games of the Zuni and a knowledge gained by his investigations at the Columbian Exposition.

A study of these primitive games reveals the fact that they were not played primarily for amusement, as among civilized peoples, but chiefly for divination, which was practiced in con- nection with industries and enterprises of all sorts; so that divinatory games occupied a prominent place in the thoughts and exercised an important influence on the daily life of these people. It was found also that in the Orient the games were actually played with arrows and were still recognized as arrow games by the players themselves as late as the eleventh or twelfth centuries B. C., thus giving historic evidence of the arrow origin of lot and dice games in the Orient, and confirm- ing, in Mr Culin’s estimation, Mr Cushing’s hypothesis as to the identical origin of such games in America. ‘These researches have also brought to light many significant facts bearing on the usages, beliefs, and ethnic relations of early peoples. Mr Cushing was greatly aided in this work by Mr Louis C. Mocte- zuma, an educated young Mexican, from whom he obtained much information regarding the Indian games of his country.

Mr Cushing has not allowed his researches relating to divin- atory games completely to interrupt his more general studies relating to Zuni mythology, and during the year has given special attention to the origin and primitive use of fire. Fire myths are nearly universal, and fire wi ship Common among primitive peoples; and it is the possession of the fire art which,

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXXXVII

perhaps more than any other characteristic, distinguishes man- kind from the lower animals. The conquest of fire has not yet been clearly traced, but Mr Cushing’s researches are con- tributing materially to knowledge of the subject.

The manuscript ef Mr Cushing’s paper bearing the title ‘Outlines of Zuni Creation Myths” was brought to completion and at the close of the year was partially in type as one of the accompanying papers of the Thirteenth Annual Report.

Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson, although partially disabled by overwork and exposure during her last field season among the Sia Indians of New Mexico, began in July the revision of the proofs of her article on that tribe, which cover pages 3-157 of the Eleventh Annual Report. On the completion of the proof reading, early in September, Mrs Stevenson continued the preparation of a report on certaim myths and ceremonials of the Zuni tribe, among whom she has spent a number of sea- sons. Notwithstanding ill health, she succeeded in completing the preparation of most of the illustrative material of the mon- ograph and made progress in the final revision of the text.

PSYCHOLOGY

The Director has found opportunity for continuing his in- vestigations in primitive modes of thought, carried on during previous years. The results of these studies were imparted to the members of the Bureau in a series of informal lectures, establishing a firmer and more definite basis for their researches in Indian mythology and sociology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The work on the bibliography of native American lan- guages was continued by Mr James C. Pilling. As in pre- vious years much time was consumed in procuring new material for the main catalog, from which are prepared the bibliographies of the various linguistic stocks. This work necessitates a careful review of all the catalog material relat- ing to Americana generally—those of auction sales, of book- sellers’ catalogs, of the reviews, ete—and these furnish brief titles, which are used as memoranda for further research. In

LXXXVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

this manner several hundred new titles have been added to the main catalog during the year. For his painstaking and untiring patience in this tedious task, Mr Pilling is receiving high praise. The press reviews of the stock bibliographies already issued indicate the regard in which they are held, for their incomparable completeness, by students in all parts of the world.

During the last year there was issued a Bibliografia Espanola de Lenguas Indigenas de América, by the Count of Vinaza, bearing the imprint Madrid, 1892. Although issued years after the appearance of Mr Pilling’s “proof sheets,” and although the compiler of the Bibliografia had unusual facilities, among them access to the archives of Spain—an advantage enjoyed by few foreigners—but seventy-five titles not already contained in Mr Pilling’s catalog were found in the Vinaza work.

The month of August was taken up by Mr Pilling with an examination of the plate proofs of the bibliography of the Salishan language, then ready for press, but little correction worthy of notice was necessary. The bulletin, which com- prises 86 pages and 4 facsimiles, was delivered by the Public Printer in the middle of November.

During November work was renewed on the Wakashan bibliography. A trip extending over a few days was made to _ Lenox and Astor libraries, New York city; some new material was obtained and defective titles were corrected. The work was forwarded to the Public Printer in January, and by the close of March the proof reading was finished. This bibliography, which was ready for distribution early in May, comprises 70 pages and 2 facsimiles. During the proof reading of the Waka- shan bibliography the preparation of the bibliography of the Shahaptian languages was begun, and at the close of the fiscal year was in an advanced stage of progress.

PUBLICATION

During no similar period of the Bureau’s history have so many pages of ethnologic material been put in type. Since the close of the last fiscal year (1892-93) most of the proof read- ing of the Tenth Annual Report was completed. The volume

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LXXXIX

was received from the printer in June, 1894. The monograph accompanying this report, ‘Picture Writing of the American Indians,” by Garrick Mallery, covers 807 pages and is illus- trated by 54 plates and 1,290 figures. On July 27, 1893, the Eleventh Annual Report was sent to the Public Printer, and before the close of October all the proofs had been read. Proof reading of the Twelfth Annual Report was in progress at the close of the year 1892-93, and continued until April, 1894. This report, which, in addition to the administrative report of the Director, contains a paper by Dr Cyrus Thomas, entitled “Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology,” was in the bindery at the close of the year. In February, 1894, the manuscript of the Thirteenth Annual Report was sent to the Public Printer, and in June the first proofs were received. With the close of the fiscal year all the illustrations for this annual had been engraved and proof reading was well advanced

At the close of the year 1892-93 the proof reading of the “Bibliography of the Salishan Languages,” by James Con- stantine Pilling, was almost completed. This bulletin was delivered by the printer in November, 1893. ‘The Bibliogra- phy of the Wakashan Languages,” by the same author, was sent to the printer in December, 1893; the first proofs were received in January, 1894; the proof reading was finished in April, and the edition was delivered a month later.

Karly in January of the present year the manuscript of a bul- letin by Mr John Garland Pollard, on ‘The Pamunkey Indians of Virginia,” was sent to the Public Printer, and by February 6 the final proofs had been revised. This bulletin was delivered in April, 1894.

At the close of the last fiscal year proof reading of Riggs’ “Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography,” which forms Contributions to North American Ethnology, volume rx, had been in progress about a month, and by the end of July the volume was in page form.

The first proof of a bulletin entitled “The Maya Year,” by Dr Cyrus Thomas, was received early in February, 1894, the

XC REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

manuscript having been transmitted January 19. This brochure passed through the press and was delivered in May.

In January, 1894, there was also sent to the Public Printer the manuscript of the first of a proposed series of bulletins, entitled ‘‘Chinook Texts,” by Dr Franz Boas. The first proofs were received in March, and by the Ist of July 176 pages and a number of galleys were in type.

Another bulletin, “An Ancient Quarry in Indian Territory,” by William H. Holmes, was sent to the Public Printer on Feb- ruary 17, and by the close of June the paper was in type.

The following publications were received from press during the fiscal year:

Ninth Annual Report, for 1887-88, containing, in addition to the Director's report of 46 pages, the following papers: (1) “Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition,” by John Murdoch; pages 3 to 441, plates 1-11, figures 1-428. (2) “The Medicine-men of the Apache,” by John G. Bourke; pages 443 to 603, plates 11—vin1, figures 429-448.

Tenth Annual Report, for 1888-89, containing, in addition to the Director’s report of 30 pages, ‘Picture-writing of the American Indians,” by Garrick Mallery; pages 3 to 807, plates I-IV, figures 1-1290.

Bibliography of the Salishan Languages, by James Constan- tine Pilling; x11, 86 pages (including 4 pages of facsimiles).

The Pamunkey Indians of Virginia, by John Garland Pol- lard; 19 pages.

The Maya Year, by Cyrus Thomas; 64 pages, 1 plate.

Bibliography of the Wakashan Languages, by James Con- stantine Pilling; x1, 70 pages (including 2 pages of facsimiles).

This report is accompanied by five papers comprising the results of recent researches, viz, “Stone Implements of the Potomac-Chesapeake Tidewater Province,” an elaborately illus- trated monograph by W. H. Holmes; ‘‘The Siouan Indians,” a preliminary sketch by W J MeGee;. ‘Siouan Sociology,” a posthumous paper by J. Owen Dorsey; ‘‘Tusayan Katcinas,” by J. Walter Fewkes; and a description of ‘The Repair of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in 1891,” by Cosmos Mindeleff.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XCI

MISCELLANEOUS

Classification of manuscripts—In the current appropriation for American Ethnology provison was made for rental of quarters for the use of the Bureau, and in accordance there- with the sixth floor of the Adams building on F street was leased. In addition to increased floor space for the use of its collaborators when not engaged in field work, the Bureau now has two large fireproof vaults, in which has been sately depos- ited the large body of valaable manuscript material in its possession. This material, comprising over 1,100 specific linguistic papers, 60 miscellaneous linguistic papers, and 236

gic subjects has been

manuscripts on miscellaneous ethnolo tentatively catalogued by subject, linguistic family, and author.

World's Columbian Exposition—The preparation of the exhibit of the Bureau at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago was assigned to Professor William H. Holmes, who supervised the collection of material and its arrangement in the National Museum preparatory to shipment. He was assisted in the work by Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing and Mr James Mooney, and it is a pleasure to acknowledge the facilities provided and the aid rendered by the officers of the National Museum, especially Dr G. Brown Goode and Dr Otis T. Mason. The exhibit was installed in the Government building at Chicago by Professor Holmes, aided by Mr Cushing, largely under the supervision of the Director. Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson also aided in this work. On completing the installation Mr Holmes returned to Washington, leaving to Mr Cushing the final arrangement of a number of lay figures, which constituted one of the most striking features of the exhibit. Mr Cushing remained in charge of the exhibit until the middle of September, mean- while continuing the study of primitive games noted above. Much of the work in Chicago was by the Director in person.

It is gratifying to be able to state that the figures and other objects representative of the American aborigines exhibited by the Bureau at Chicago met with high praise from American and foreign students and received the award of a medal and diploma for specific merit.

XCII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

Library—F rom the time of the establishment of the Bureau until the autumn of 1893 the books received through gift, exchange, or purchase were temporarily deposited in the library of the Geological Survey. When the Bureau moved into independent quarters, Mr Hodge, in connection with his work on synonymy, was placed in charge of the library, which then numbered about 2,600 volumes. At the close of the year the library had increased to 4,350 volumes, chiefly through exchange.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

Appropriation by Congress for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894, “for continuing ethnological researches among the American Indians under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, including salaries or compensation of all neces- sary employees” (sundry civil act, approved March 3, 1893). $40, 000. 00

Balance July 1, 1893, as per last annual report............--- 10, 509. 29 —- $50, 509. 29 Salaniessoncompensationeasees sess seeeee seece ee ee eee eee 36, 958. 74 Traveling and field expenses.................-..-- $3, 702. 98 Transportation and freight...-..-.-.....-...-..-..- 503. 39 Collections purchased ass=-seeeeee ee = eee ae 1, 300. 58 Be] Ans ERO eI bs =e ee eee ee eee 292. 63 Mlustrations' for reports=s.- esses. | sea eee eee eee eee 1, 884. 76 Publicaionstfor li braryeeeeseeerea set ees eee eer eee 435. 67 DS tablonery ens e cack se secics Soe oe eae ee eae eens 185. 32 Office rentals sac see seer ees binee eee ee eee 999. 96 Office furniture (purchased, moving, and repair) ---- 600. 53 Miscellaneous current expenses..-..............-.. 142. 08 Miscellaneous (temporary services, copying, ete) 204. 75

10, 252. 65

47, 211. 39 Balance: July?) 18942 2. coe ees aoe ea eee ene eee eee 3, 297. 90

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XCIII

CHARACTERIZATION OF ACCOMPANYING PAPERS DISTRIBUTION OF SUBJECTS

Of the five papers accompanying this report, two relate to archeology, and thus represent one of the branches of the science of technology; these are Professor Holmes’ monograph on the stone implements of the Potomac-Chesapeake province, and Mr Mindeleft’s account of the restoration of Casa Grande ruin. Two of the papers are more strictly ethnologic in the limited sense of the term, and treat of one of the great linguis- tic stocks or families of North America, the Siouan Indians; one of these is general, while the other is devoted primarily to the sociology of this group of Indians, and thus to the third of the sciences of humanity. The remaining paper, on Tusayan Katcinas, is a description and discussion of forms and cere- monies connected with aboriginal belief, and hence represents the science of sophiology. Thus in object-matter and in mode of treatment the memoirs touch a considerable part of the field covered by the science of man.

The geographic range of the subjects is considerable. The first paper relates to the middle Atlantic slope, and especially to the territory about the national capital, where geographic conditions profoundly affected the aborigines as they have less profoundly, but in a parallel way, affected the civilized invad- ers; the second and third papers deal with the interior area extending from the borders of the Atlantic to the foothills of the Rocky mountains and from the shores of the Gulf north- ward beyond the international boundary; the scene of the fourth paper is laid in the Pueblo country of southwestern United States, while that of the fifth is in southern Arizona, near the Mexican frontier.

The Indian tribes treated in the papers traverse the entire range in aboriginal culture from that of the hunting and war- ring Siouan Indians—the typical savages of North America— to that of the peaceful pueblo builders, whose sedentary habits can only be regarded as pointing the way which leads

XCIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

to civilization; and the prehistoric works described range in like manner from those characteristic of a people primitive as the Siouan to those of castle-building agriculturists akin to the Moctezumas in custom if not in blood.

STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE POTOMAC-CHESAPEAKE TIDEWATER PROVINCE

In many respects this monograph by Professor Holmes may be regarded as a model in method and a standard in results; and the suecinet chapters and well-chosen illustrations speak for themselves. Yet there are certain features of the work summarized in the paper which are worthy of special note.

Now that demonomy (ante, page x1x) is well advanced in the process of organization into a science, the equipment of workers in this, as in other branches of research, has become important. Thus far the sciences of humanity have hardly found their way into the curricula of colleges and universities, so that it is im- practicable to rely on collegiate examinations and diplomas as evidence of training in any of the constituent sciences; accord- ingly the ranks of workers in demotic science are replenished and extended by the enlistment of volunteers trained in other departments of science, but led toward demonomy by choice or circumstance. The qualifications of investigators in demon- omy are, therefore, determined by three factors, viz, (1) natural aptitude, (2) training in other lines of scientific work, and (3) experience and success in demotic research. All of these factors are combined in Professor Holmes’ equipment. Pri- marily an artist of such genius and deftness as to see a brilliant career before him, his taste for scientific studies led him first into geology, where again he was notably successful, and later into archeology, in which, from the first, he displayed especial aptitude; his training in geologic work, facilitated as it was by the exact perception and manual dexterity acquired in art work, served to render him familiar with approved scientific methods; and when, in the fullness of his vigor, he entered the field of archeology, his work was eminently successful from the outset. His archeologic researches had already extended over some years when, in 1889, he undertook the systematic study of the Potomac-Chesapeake region. His skill and success are attested

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XCV

by the reputation achieved in his favorite field; even before the completion of the accompanying memoir he was chosen as the head of the department of anthropology in the Field Columbian Museum, and tendered a professorship in Chicago University. His standing and qualifications may be characterized the more freely because he is no longer connected with the Bureau.

Something of the comprehensive and painstaking methods pursued in the work may be gleaned from Professor Holmes’ memoir; yet the breadth and soundness of his foundation are hardly suggested by the details of the superstructure. Asa geologist on the Hayden Survey of the Territories and later on the United States Geological Survey, he had occasion to tray- erse the western plains, the Rocky Mountain region, and the plateau country, nearly all the way from the Canadian bound- ary on the north to the Mexicam frontier on the south, and this in early days while yet the Indians were numerous and retained their aboriginal characteristics. Accordingly he had many opportunities for ethnologic observation, and was led by pre- vious training to give special attention to the manual arts of the tribesmen; indeed, it was chiefly his contact with the Indians in the course of his geologic work that induced him to take up systematic studies of aboriginal arts and handicraft During this stage of his career he learned to think as the Indian thinks about the simple native arts; he learned to imitate aboriginal methods and manipulations in the manufacture of stone; and he learned to interpret relics of primitive culture as they are interpreted by primitive minds. Thus when he turned to the examination of aboriginal relics in eastern United States his equipment in actual knowledge concerning the details of primitive art was exceptionally—indeed almost singularly— complete.

Taking up the study in a favorably conditioned province, he first acquainted himself with the work of previous investigators of the locality and with the researches and opinions of arch- eologists generally. He then entered the field and, with a force of laborers always under his eye, made extensive excavations and examined a body of material unprecedented in quantity. The specimens actually examined and studied could be enum-

XCVI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

erated only in thousands, measured in wagon loads, and weighed in tons. Trained by actual contact with Indians, he inter- preted the specimens and their associations and the ancient quarries as they would be interpreted by Indians accustomed to such work, and every inference concerning the methods employed in quarrying, selecting material for working, shaping the objects, and manipulating the crude appliances was tested by actual imitation, the imitation itself being guided by actual knowledge of primitive methods. While this is true of all of the lines and localities of work, it is most emphatically true of the ancient quarries of quartzite bowlders and their products on Piny branch. Even here the investigation was not allowed to rest. The distribution of the products of manufacture was traced in the light of actual knowledge of Indian habits in such manner as to ascertain the genealogy and development of the implements and the various by-products, failures, culls, rejects of all sorts, as well as chips, spalls, cores, and bowlders aban- doned after one or more test blows. Thus the study of a typ- ical locality and its products was profound and thorough beyond precedent. The relics were studied with respect to individual characteristics, with respect to form and distribution, with respect to the forces expended in their manufacture and. utili- zation, with respect to their genesis and development, individual and collective, and with respect to the motives and designs of the prehistoric manufacturers. The work began with trained observation, passed to generalization based on unprecedented wealth of material, proceeded to inference guided by precise knowledge of primitive modes of thought and action, and went on to verification by imitation and by comparison with known homologues. In extent and thoroughness of study, in wealth of material examined, in thoroughness and scientific character of the investigation, Professor Holmes’ work on the quartz- ite quarries and their products may safely be considered to stand unrivaled, at least so far as the Western Hemisphere is concerned.

The results of the work are set forth too fully in the intro- ductory and concluding divisions of the monograph to require repetition; yet one of the conclusions would seem to be worthy

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XCVILI

of special emphasis; the outcome of the study of the quartzite quarries and implemeuts suffices to demonstrate that whatso- ever be true of other countries and provinces, the rudely flaked stones of the Potomac-Chesapeake province do not represent a lower or more primitive culture than that of the Indians found in the province by John Smith and other explorers, and do represent the by-products, waste, or rejectage, of stone-working by the the Algonquian and neighboring Indians. Thus, what- soever be true of other districts, in this district the rudest stone- work known to the archeologist and the finest stone carving, pottery, basketry, and woodwork represent a single culture stage. This conclusion is not put forth tentatively or provi- sionally, but as a final result of the most thorough single piece of archeologic research ever conducted in America.

While the chief subject of the monograph is the description and discussion of the quartzite quarries and implements, there are other features of note. The account of the quarrying and manufacture of steatite depicts with remarkable fullness and clearness a little-understood phase of aboriginal art in east- ern United States. The tracing of several materials used in primitive art to their sources in distant mountains is one of the minor triumphs of American archeology, and illustrates well